Unless otherwise provided, words used in this code in the present tense include the future as well as the present. Words used in the masculine gender comprehend as well the feminine and neuter. The singular number includes the plural and the plural the singular. The term writing includes printing. The term oath includes an affirmation.

The term magistrate in this code, when not otherwise expressly stated, shall mean a judge of the county court or clerk magistrate.

The term prosecuting attorney means any county attorney or city attorney or assistant city attorney when such attorney is prosecuting any violation designated as a misdemeanor or traffic infraction.

In the construction of this code each general provision shall be controlled by a special provision on the same subject, if there is a conflict.

This code and every other law upon the subject of crime which may be enacted shall be construed according to the plain import of the language in which it is written, without regard to the distinction usually made between the construction of penal laws and laws upon other subjects, and no person shall be punished for an offense which is not made penal by the plain import of the words, upon pretense that he has offended against its spirit.

Whenever any property or interest is intended to be protected by a provision of the penal law, and the general term person or any other general term is used to designate the party whose property is intended to be protected, the provisions of such penal laws and the protection thereby given shall extend to the property of the state, or of any county, and of all public or private corporations.

The word signature includes the mark of a person unable to write his name; a mark shall have the same effect as a signature when the name is written by some other person and the mark is made near thereto by the person unable to write his name.

Except where a word, term or phrase is specially defined, all words used in this code are to be taken and construed in the sense in which they are understood in common language, taking into consideration the context and subject matter relative to which they are employed. The titles merely, to the various chapters, articles, sections or clauses of this code, which are written or printed upon the bill at the time of its approval, shall constitute no part thereof.

(1) Except as otherwise provided by law, no person shall be prosecuted for any felony unless the indictment is found by a grand jury within three years next after the offense has been done or committed or unless a complaint for the same is filed before the magistrate within three years next after the offense has been done or committed and a warrant for the arrest of the defendant has been issued.

(2) Except as otherwise provided by law, no person shall be prosecuted, tried, or punished for any misdemeanor or other indictable offense below the grade of felony or for any fine or forfeiture under any penal statute unless the suit, information, or indictment for such offense is instituted or found within one year and six months from the time of committing the offense or incurring the fine or forfeiture or within one year for any offense the punishment of which is restricted by a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars and to imprisonment not exceeding three months.

(3) Except as otherwise provided by law, no person shall be prosecuted for kidnapping under section 28-313, false imprisonment under section 28-314 or 28-315, child abuse under section 28-707, pandering under section 28-802, debauching a minor under section 28-805, or an offense under section 28-813 when the victim is under sixteen years of age at the time of the offense (a) unless the indictment for such offense is found by a grand jury within seven years next after the offense has been committed or within seven years next after the victim's sixteenth birthday, whichever is later, or (b) unless a complaint for such offense is filed before the magistrate within seven years next after the offense has been committed or within seven years next after the victim's sixteenth birthday, whichever is later, and a warrant for the arrest of the defendant has been issued.

(4) Except as otherwise provided by law, no person shall be prosecuted for a violation of subsection (2) or (3) of section 28-831 (a) unless the indictment for such offense is found by a grand jury within seven years next after the offense has been committed or within seven years next after the victim's eighteenth birthday, whichever is later, or (b) unless a complaint for such offense is filed before the magistrate within seven years next after the offense has been committed or within seven years next after the victim's eighteenth birthday, whichever is later, and a warrant for the arrest of the defendant has been issued.

(5) Except as otherwise provided by law, no person shall be prosecuted for an offense under section 28-813.01 or 28-1463.05 (a) unless the indictment for such offense is found by a grand jury within seven years next after the offense has been committed or within seven years next after the victim's eighteenth birthday, whichever is later, or (b) unless a complaint for such offense is filed before the magistrate within seven years next after the offense has been committed or within seven years next after the victim's eighteenth birthday, whichever is later, and a warrant for the arrest of the defendant has been issued.

(6) No person shall be prosecuted for a violation of the Securities Act of Nebraska under section 8-1117 unless the indictment for such offense is found by a grand jury within five years next after the offense has been done or committed or unless a complaint for such offense is filed before the magistrate within five years next after the offense has been done or committed and a warrant for the arrest of the defendant has been issued.

(7) No person shall be prosecuted for criminal impersonation under section 28-638, identity theft under section 28-639, or identity fraud under section 28-640 unless the indictment for such offense is found by a grand jury within five years next after the offense has been done or committed or unless a complaint for such offense is filed before the magistrate within five years next after the offense has been done or committed and a warrant for the arrest of the defendant has been issued.

(8) No person shall be prosecuted for a violation of section 68-1017 if the aggregate value of all funds and other benefits obtained or attempted to be obtained is five hundred dollars or more unless the indictment for such offense is found by a grand jury within five years next after the offense has been done or committed or unless a complaint for such offense is filed before the magistrate within five years next after the offense has been done or committed and a warrant for the arrest of the defendant has been issued.

(9) No person shall be prosecuted for knowing and intentional abuse, neglect, or exploitation of a vulnerable adult or senior adult under section 28-386 unless the indictment for such offense is found by a grand jury within six years next after the offense has been done or committed or unless a complaint for such offense is filed before the magistrate within six years next after the offense has been done or committed and a warrant for the arrest of the defendant has been issued.

(10) Except as otherwise provided by law, no person shall be prosecuted for an offense under section 28-717 (a) unless the indictment for such offense is found by a grand jury within one year and six months next after the offense has been committed or within one year and six months next after the child reaches the age of majority, whichever is later, or (b) unless a complaint for such offense is filed before the magistrate within one year and six months next after the offense has been committed or within one year and six months next after the child reaches the age of majority, whichever is later, and a warrant for the arrest of the defendant has been issued.

(11) There shall not be any time limitations for prosecution or punishment for treason, murder, arson, forgery, sexual assault in the first or second degree under section 28-319 or 28-320, sexual assault of a child in the second or third degree under section 28-320.01, incest under section 28-703, sexual assault of a child in the first degree under section 28-319.01, labor trafficking of a minor or sex trafficking of a minor under subsection (1) of section 28-831, or an offense under section 28-1463.03; nor shall there be any time limitations for prosecution or punishment for sexual assault in the third degree under section 28-320 when the victim is under sixteen years of age at the time of the offense.

(12) The time limitations prescribed in this section shall include all inchoate offenses pursuant to the Nebraska Criminal Code and compounding a felony pursuant to section 28-301.

(13) The time limitations prescribed in this section shall not extend to any person fleeing from justice.

(14) When any suit, information, or indictment for any crime or misdemeanor is limited by any statute to be brought or exhibited within any other time than is limited by this section, then the suit, information, or indictment shall be brought or exhibited within the time limited by such statute.

(15) If any suit, information, or indictment is quashed or the proceedings set aside or reversed on writ of error, the time during the pendency of such suit, information, or indictment so quashed, set aside, or reversed shall not be reckoned within this statute so as to bar any new suit, information, or indictment for the same offense.

(16) The changes made to this section by Laws 2004, LB 943, shall apply to offenses committed prior to April 16, 2004, for which the statute of limitations has not expired as of such date and to offenses committed on or after such date.

(17) The changes made to this section by Laws 2005, LB 713, shall apply to offenses committed prior to September 4, 2005, for which the statute of limitations has not expired as of such date and to offenses committed on or after such date.

(18) The changes made to this section by Laws 2009, LB 97, and Laws 2006, LB 1199, shall apply to offenses committed prior to May 21, 2009, for which the statute of limitations has not expired as of such date and to offenses committed on or after such date.

(19) The changes made to this section by Laws 2010, LB809, shall apply to offenses committed prior to July 15, 2010, for which the statute of limitations has not expired as of such date and to offenses committed on or after such date.

(20) The changes made to this section by Laws 2016, LB934, shall apply to offenses committed prior to April 19, 2016, for which the statute of limitations has not expired as of such date and to offenses committed on or after such date.

(21) The changes made to this section by Laws 2019, LB519, shall apply to offenses committed prior to September 1, 2019, for which the statute of limitations has not expired as of such date and to offenses committed on or after such date.

All fines and punishments provided for in this code shall be enforced by the procedure provided for in this code so far as such procedure extends or can be made applicable.

Any person sentenced to be punished for any felony, when the sentence is not reversed or annulled, is incompetent to be a juror or to hold any office of honor, trust, or profit within this state, unless such person receives from the Board of Pardons of this state a warrant of discharge, in which case such person shall be restored to such civil rights and privileges as enumerated or limited by the Board of Pardons. The warrant of discharge shall not release such person from the costs of conviction unless otherwise ordered by the Board of Pardons.

Any person sentenced to be punished for any felony, when the sentence is not reversed or annulled, is not qualified to vote until such person has completed the sentence, including any parole term. The disqualification is automatically removed at such time.

Any person sentenced to be punished for any felony, when the sentence is other than confinement in a Department of Correctional Services adult correctional facility, shall be restored to such civil rights as enumerated or limited by the Board of Pardons upon receipt from the Board of Pardons of a warrant of discharge, which shall be issued by such board upon receiving from the sentencing court a certificate showing satisfaction of the judgment and sentence entered against such person.

Any person who has been convicted of a felony under the laws of any other state shall be deemed incompetent to be a juror or to hold any office of honor, trust, or profit within this state unless such person has been restored to civil rights under the laws of the state in which the felony was committed.

Any person who has been convicted of a felony under the laws of any other state is not qualified to vote until such person has completed his or her sentence, including any parole term.

Any person aggrieved by a statement taken from him or her which is not a voluntary statement, or any statement which he or she believes was taken from him or her in violation of the fifth or sixth amendments of the Constitution of the United States, may move for suppression of such statement for use as evidence against him or her. The suppression motion shall be filed in the district court where a felony is charged and may be made at any time after the information or indictment is filed, and must be filed at least ten days before trial, unless otherwise permitted by the court for good cause shown. When the charge is other than a felony, the motion shall be filed in the court where the complaint is pending, and must be filed at least ten days before trial or at the time of the plea to the complaint, whichever is later, unless otherwise permitted by the court for good cause shown. Unless claims of a statement being involuntary or taken in violation of the fifth or sixth amendments of the Constitution of the United States are raised by motion before trial as provided in this section, all objections to the use of such statements as evidence on these grounds shall be deemed waived, except that the court may entertain such motions to suppress after the commencement of trial when the defendant is surprised by the introduction of such statements by the state, and also the court in its discretion may entertain motions to suppress such statements when the defendant was not aware of the grounds for any such motion before the commencement of trial, or in such situations as the court deems that justice may require. In the event that the trial court entertains any such motion after the commencement of trial, the defendant shall be deemed to have waived any jeopardy which may have attached. None of the foregoing shall affect the right of the defendant to present the question of the voluntariness of the statement, or the question of whether the proper constitutional safeguards were given to any defendant either in custody or otherwise significantly deprived of his or her liberty, for the consideration of the fact finder at trial.

(1) In addition to any other rights of appeal, the state shall have the right to appeal from an order granting a motion for the suppression of statements alleged to be involuntary or in violation of the fifth or sixth amendments of the Constitution of the United States in the manner provided in this section.

(2) If such motion has been granted in the district court, the Attorney General or the county attorney or prosecuting attorney with the consent of the Attorney General may file his or her application with the Clerk of the Supreme Court asking for a summary review of the order granting the motion. The review shall be made by a judge of the Court of Appeals at chambers upon such notice, briefs, and argument as the judge directs, after which such judge shall enter his or her order affirming, reversing, or modifying the order submitted for review, and upon any trial on the general issue thereafter, the parties and the trial court shall be bound by such order. Upon conviction after trial the defendant may on appeal challenge the correctness of the order by the judge.

(3) If such motion has been granted in the county court, the Attorney General or the county attorney or prosecuting attorney may file his or her application with the clerk of the district court in the district in which the motion has been granted asking for a summary review of the order granting the motion. The review shall be made by a judge of the district court upon such notice, briefs, and arguments as the judge directs, after which such judge shall enter his or her order affirming, reversing, or modifying the order submitted for review, and upon any trial on the general issue thereafter the parties and the trial court shall be bound by such order. Upon conviction after trial the defendant may on appeal challenge the correctness of the order by the judge.

The application for review provided in section 29-116 shall be accompanied by a copy of the order of the trial court granting the motion to suppress and a bill of exceptions containing all of the evidence, including affidavits, considered by the trial court in its ruling on the motion, and so certified by the trial court. The application shall be filed with the Clerk of the Supreme Court, if the trial court is the district court, or with the clerk of the district court, if the trial court is the county court, within such time as may be ordered by the trial court, which in fixing such time shall take into consideration the length of time required to prepare the bill of exceptions, and shall also consider whether the defendant is in jail or whether he or she is on bail, but in no event shall more than thirty days be given in which to file such application.

In making an order granting a motion to suppress a statement, the trial court shall in such order fix a time, not exceeding ten days, in which the county attorney or other prosecuting attorney may file a notice with the clerk of such court of his or her intention to seek a review of the order. Upon the filing of such notice, the trial court shall fix a time in which the application for review shall be filed with the clerk of the appellate court.

For purposes of this section and sections 23-1201, 29-120, and 29-2261, unless the context otherwise requires:

(1) A plea agreement means that as a result of a discussion between the defense counsel and the prosecuting attorney:

(a) A charge is to be dismissed or reduced; or

(b) A defendant, if he or she pleads guilty to a charge, may receive less than the maximum penalty permitted by law; and

(2)(a) Victim means a person who has had a personal confrontation with an offender as a result of a homicide under sections 28-302 to 28-306, a first degree assault under section 28-308, a second degree assault under section 28-309, a third degree assault under section 28-310 when the victim is an intimate partner as defined in section 28-323, a first degree false imprisonment under section 28-314, a first degree sexual assault under section 28-319, a sexual assault of a child in the first degree under section 28-319.01, a second or third degree sexual assault under section 28-320, a sexual assault of a child in the second or third degree under section 28-320.01, domestic assault in the first, second, or third degree under section 28-323, or a robbery under section 28-324. Victim also includes a person who has suffered serious bodily injury as defined in section 28-109 as a result of a motor vehicle accident when the driver was charged with a violation of section 60-6,196 or 60-6,197 or with a violation of a city or village ordinance enacted in conformance with either section.

(b) In the case of a homicide, victim means the nearest surviving relative under the law as provided by section 30-2303 but does not include the alleged perpetrator of the homicide.

(c) In the case of a violation of section 28-813.01, 28-1463.03, 28-1463.04, or 28-1463.05, victim means a person who was a child as defined in section 28-1463.02 and a participant or portrayed observer in the visual depiction of sexually explicit conduct which is the subject of the violation and who has been identified and can be reasonably notified.

(d) In the case of a sexual assault of a child, a possession offense of a visual depiction of sexually explicit conduct, or a distribution offense of a visual depiction of sexually explicit conduct, victim means the child victim and the parents, guardians, or duly appointed legal representative of the child victim but does not include the alleged perpetrator of the crime.

(e) Victim also includes a person who was the victim of a theft under section 28-511, 28-512, 28-513, or 28-517 when (i) the value of the thing involved is five thousand dollars or more and (ii) the victim and perpetrator were intimate partners as defined in section 28-323.

(f) Victim also includes a sexual assault victim as defined in section 29-4309.

Prior to reaching a plea agreement with defense counsel, a prosecuting attorney, prosecuting a violation of a city or village ordinance enacted in conformance with section 60-6,196 or 60-6,197, shall consult with or make a good faith effort to consult with the victim regarding the content of and reasons for such plea agreement.

A person who is intoxicated is criminally responsible for his or her conduct. Intoxication is not a defense to any criminal offense and shall not be taken into consideration in determining the existence of a mental state that is an element of the criminal offense unless the defendant proves, by clear and convincing evidence, that he or she did not (1) know that it was an intoxicating substance when he or she ingested, inhaled, injected, or absorbed the substance causing the intoxication or (2) ingest, inhale, inject, or absorb the intoxicating substance voluntarily.

All county judges in this state shall have the same and equal powers of jurisdiction in all matters relating to the enforcement of the criminal laws of the state, except as otherwise expressly provided, and the jurisdiction of all such officers as magistrates, for the discharge of the duties and for the exercise of the powers enjoined and conferred by this code, shall extend to all crimes and offenses punishable by the laws of this state, committed within their respective jurisdictions, and for the prevention of crimes and offenses as in this code provided, throughout their respective counties.

The judges of the district courts in their respective districts, and the magistrates mentioned in section 29-201 in their respective counties, shall jointly and severally be conservators of the peace within their respective jurisdictions, and shall have full power to enforce or cause to be enforced all laws that now exist or that shall hereafter be made for the prevention and punishment of offenses, or for the preservation and observance of the peace. Judges of the district courts shall have the same powers to require securities for the keeping of the peace and good behavior, and bail for appearance in courts to answer complaints to keep the peace, and for crimes and offenses committed in their respective districts as any of the magistrates aforesaid have in their respective counties.

If any person or persons who may be charged with the commission of a crime or offense made punishable by the laws of this state shall abscond or remove from the county in which such crime or offense is charged to have been committed, it shall be lawful for any sheriff or other person to apprehend the person or persons so charged, remove him, her, or them to the county in which the alleged crime may be said to have been committed, and deliver such person or persons to any magistrate in such county, who shall cause the person or persons so delivered to be dealt with as the law may direct.

The Governor is hereby authorized to appoint such agents as may be necessary for carrying out the provisions of sections 29-208 to 29-210.

It is hereby made the duty of the sheriffs of the several counties of the State of Nebraska, the chiefs of police of incorporated cities therein, marshals of incorporated cities and towns therein, and agencies of state government having powers of arrest to furnish the Nebraska State Patrol two copies of fingerprints on forms provided by the Nebraska State Patrol and the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and descriptions of all persons who are arrested by them (1) for any felony or (2) as felony fugitives from the criminal justice system of another jurisdiction. This section is not intended to include violators of city ordinances or of persons arrested for other trifling offenses. The Nebraska State Patrol shall in all appropriate cases forward one copy of such fingerprints and other necessary identifying data and information to the system maintained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

The Nebraska State Patrol is hereby authorized (1) to keep a complete record of all reports filed of all personal property stolen, lost, found, pledged or pawned, in any city or county of this state; (2) to provide for the installation of a proper system and file, and cause to be filed therein cards containing an outline of the methods of operation employed by criminals; (3) to use any system of identification it deems advisable, or that may be adopted in any of the penal institutions of the state; (4) to keep a record consisting of duplicates of measurements, processes, operations, plates, photographs, measurements and descriptions of all persons confined in penal institutions of this state; (5) to procure and maintain, so far as practicable, plates, photographs, descriptions and information concerning all persons who shall hereafter be convicted of felony or imprisoned for violating the military, naval or criminal laws of the United States, and of well-known and habitual criminals from whatever source procurable; (6) to furnish any criminal justice agency with any information, material, records, or means of identification which may properly be disseminated and that it may desire in the proper administration of criminal justice; (7) to upgrade, when feasible, the existing law enforcement communications network; and (8) to establish and maintain an improved system or systems by which relevant information may be collected, coordinated, and made readily available to serve qualified persons or agencies concerned with the administration of criminal justice.

(1) Each law enforcement agency within the State of Nebraska shall adopt and implement a written policy regarding the pursuit of motor vehicles. Such policy shall contain at least the following elements:

(a) Standards which describe when a pursuit may be initiated, taking into consideration the nature and severity of the offense involved;

(b) Standards which describe when a pursuit is to be discontinued, giving special attention to (i) the degree of danger presented to the general public and the pursuing officer and (ii) the probability of later apprehension of the subject based upon his or her identification;

(c) Procedures governing the operation of pursuits including, but not limited to, the number and types of vehicles which may be used, the method of operation of such vehicles, and the exercise of supervision during pursuits;

(d) Procedures governing pursuits which include other law enforcement agencies or which extend into the jurisdiction of other law enforcement agencies; and

(e) A system of mandatory continued planning and review of training of personnel appropriate and consistent with the policies and jurisdiction of the law enforcement agency regarding the proper handling of pursuits, including, at a minimum, an annual review of the policy with each sworn law enforcement officer and dispatcher.

(2) It shall be the responsibility of each law enforcement agency within the State of Nebraska to ensure that all law enforcement officers who commence employment with such law enforcement agency receive specialized training in pursuit driving at the Nebraska Law Enforcement Training Center or at an equivalent training program approved by the Nebraska Police Standards Advisory Council.

For purposes of sections 29-212 to 29-214.01, unless the context otherwise requires:

(1) Missing person means a person who has been reported as missing to a law enforcement agency; and

(2) Missing Persons Information Clearinghouse means the repository established within the Nebraska State Patrol pursuant to section 29-214.01.

When a report of a missing person has been received by a law enforcement agency having jurisdiction, the agency shall notify:

(1) On-duty personnel of the agency, as soon as practicable, through internal means and over the appropriate police radio network;

(2) All law enforcement agencies considered to be involved by the law enforcement agency having jurisdiction;

(3) All law enforcement agencies to which the person filing the report requests that the information be sent, if the request is reasonable in light of the information contained in the report;

(4) All law enforcement agencies requesting the information; and

(5) The Missing Persons Information Clearinghouse.

(1) If a report of a missing person involves an unemancipated minor, the law enforcement agency shall immediately transmit the proper information for inclusion in the National Crime Information Center computer and the Missing Persons Information Clearinghouse.

(2) If a report of a missing person involves an unemancipated minor, a law enforcement agency shall not prevent an immediate active investigation on the basis of an agency rule which specifies an automatic time limitation for a missing person investigation.

(1) The Missing Persons Information Clearinghouse is established within the Nebraska State Patrol. The Nebraska State Patrol shall provide for the administration of the clearinghouse and may adopt and promulgate rules and regulations to carry out the provisions of this section.

(2) The Missing Persons Information Clearinghouse shall be used by all law enforcement agencies in the state as a central repository for information on missing persons. Such information shall be provided on a uniform form prescribed by the Nebraska State Patrol.

(3) In connection with the Missing Persons Information Clearinghouse, the Nebraska State Patrol shall:

(a) Collect, process, maintain, and disseminate information about missing persons in Nebraska through hard copy or electronic means;

(b) Develop training programs for law enforcement agencies concerning the appropriate procedures to report missing persons to the clearinghouse;

(c) Cooperate with other states and the National Crime Information Center in the exchange of information on missing persons;

(d) Maintain a statewide, toll-free telephone line, twenty-four hours a day, to receive and disseminate information related to missing persons;

(e) Maintain an Internet website accessible to law enforcement agencies and to the public with information on missing persons and with information about the resources available through the clearinghouse. Nothing in this section shall prevent the Nebraska State Patrol from establishing a separate link accessible only to law enforcement agencies for the dissemination and collection of sensitive information as determined by the Nebraska State Patrol;

(f) Develop training programs to assist in the prevention of kidnapping;

(g) Maintain a registry of prevention and education materials and programs regarding missing and runaway minors through hard copy or electronic means;

(h) Distribute through hard copy or electronic means monthly missing persons bulletins to local law enforcement agencies and to other interested individuals, agencies, and media outlets which request such information. The bulletins shall contain information on missing persons in Nebraska, including names, photographs or other images, if available, descriptions of missing persons, the law enforcement agencies or persons to contact with information regarding missing persons, and the names of persons reported missing whose locations have been determined and confirmed;

(i) Produce, update at least weekly, and distribute, through hard copy or electronic means, press releases about missing persons to media outlets which request missing person information, containing the same or similar information contained in the monthly missing persons bulletin;

(j) Compile statistics relating to the incidence of missing persons within Nebraska; and

(k) Encourage and seek both financial and in-kind support from private individuals and organizations to assist in carrying out the provisions of this section.

(4) The purpose of the Missing Persons Information Clearinghouse is to serve as a repository. The clearinghouse does not relieve the law enforcement agency having jurisdiction over a missing person case of its investigatory duties and does not automatically involve the Nebraska State Patrol as the primary investigatory agency in such case.

(5) The Missing Persons Information Clearinghouse shall be notified after the location of a missing person has been determined and confirmed. After the location of a missing person has been determined and confirmed, the clearinghouse shall only release information described in subdivision (3)(h) of this section concerning the located person. Other information concerning the history of the missing person case shall be disclosed only to law enforcement agencies of this state and other jurisdictions when necessary for the discharge of official duties, and to the juvenile court in the county of residence of a formerly missing person who is a minor. All information in the clearinghouse relating to a missing person who is an adult shall be purged when the person's location has been determined and confirmed. All information in the clearinghouse relating to a missing person who is a minor shall be purged when the person reaches eighteen years of age and the person's location has been determined and confirmed.

(1) A law enforcement officer has the power and authority to enforce the laws of this state and of the political subdivision which employs the law enforcement officer or otherwise perform the functions of that office anywhere within his or her primary jurisdiction.

(2) Any law enforcement officer who is within this state, but beyond his or her primary jurisdiction, has the power and authority to enforce the laws of this state or any legal ordinance of any city or incorporated village or otherwise perform the functions of his or her office, including the authority to arrest and detain suspects, as if enforcing the laws or performing the functions within his or her primary jurisdiction in the following cases:

(a) Any such law enforcement officer, if in a fresh attempt to apprehend a person suspected of committing a felony, may follow such person into any other jurisdiction in this state and there arrest and detain such person and return such person to the law enforcement officer's primary jurisdiction;

(b) Any such law enforcement officer, if in a fresh attempt to apprehend a person suspected of committing a misdemeanor or a traffic infraction, may follow such person anywhere in an area within twenty-five miles of the boundaries of the law enforcement officer's primary jurisdiction and there arrest and detain such person and return such person to the law enforcement officer's primary jurisdiction;

(c) Any such law enforcement officer shall have such enforcement and arrest and detention authority when responding to a call in which a local, state, or federal law enforcement officer is in need of assistance. A law enforcement officer in need of assistance shall mean (i) a law enforcement officer whose life is in danger or (ii) a law enforcement officer who needs assistance in making an arrest and the suspect (A) will not be apprehended unless immediately arrested, (B) may cause injury to himself or herself or others or damage to property unless immediately arrested, or (C) may destroy or conceal evidence of the commission of a crime; and

(d) Any municipality or county may, under the provisions of the Interlocal Cooperation Act or the Joint Public Agency Act, enter into a contract with any other municipality or county for law enforcement services or joint law enforcement services. Under such an agreement, law enforcement personnel may have such enforcement authority within the jurisdiction of each of the participating political subdivisions if provided for in the agreement. Unless otherwise provided in the agreement, each participating political subdivision shall provide liability insurance coverage for its own law enforcement personnel as provided in section 13-1802.

(3) When probable cause exists to believe that a person is operating or in the actual physical control of any motor vehicle, motorboat, personal watercraft, or aircraft while under the influence of alcoholic liquor or of any drug or otherwise in violation of section 28-1465, 28-1466, 28-1472, 37-1254.01, 37-1254.02, 60-4,163, 60-4,164, 60-6,196, 60-6,197, 60-6,211.01, or 60-6,211.02, the law enforcement officer has the power and authority to do any of the following or any combination thereof:

(a) Transport such person to a facility outside of the law enforcement officer's primary jurisdiction for appropriate chemical testing of the person;

(b) Administer outside of the law enforcement officer's primary jurisdiction any post-arrest test advisement to the person; or

(c) With respect to such person, perform other procedures or functions outside of the law enforcement officer's primary jurisdiction which are directly and solely related to enforcing the laws that concern a person operating or being in the actual physical control of any motor vehicle, motorboat, personal watercraft, or aircraft while under the influence of alcoholic liquor or of any other drug or otherwise in violation of section 28-1465, 28-1466, 28-1472, 37-1254.01, 37-1254.02, 60-4,163, 60-4,164, 60-6,196, 60-6,197, 60-6,211.01, or 60-6,211.02.

(4) For purposes of this section:

(a) Class I railroad has the same meaning as in section 81-1401;

(b) Law enforcement officer has the same meaning as peace officer as defined in section 49-801 and also includes conservation officers of the Game and Parks Commission and Class I railroad police officers; and

(c) Primary jurisdiction means the geographic area within the territorial limits of the state or political subdivision which employs the law enforcement officer.

(1) No law enforcement officer, prosecuting officer, or other government official shall ask or require an adult, youth, or child victim of a sex offense as defined under federal, tribal, state, territorial, or local law to submit to a polygraph examination or other truth-telling device as a condition for proceeding with the investigation of such offense.

(2) The refusal of a victim to submit to an examination as described in subsection (1) of this section shall not prevent the investigation of the offense.

(1) For purposes of this section:

(a) Certifying agency means a state or local law enforcement agency, prosecutor, or other authority that has responsibility for the investigation or prosecution of qualifying criminal activity, as described in 8 C.F.R. 214.14(a)(2);

(b) Certifying official means the head of the certifying agency or any person in a supervisory role who has been specifically designated by the head of the certifying agency to issue U nonimmigrant status certifications on behalf of that agency, as described in 8 C.F.R. 214.14(a)(3);

(c) Form I-914B means Form I-914, Supplement B, Declaration of Law Enforcement Officer for Victim of Trafficking in Persons, of the Department of Homeland Security, United States Citizenship and Immigration Services;

(d) Form I-918B means Form I-918, Supplement B, U Nonimmigrant Status Certification, of the Department of Homeland Security, United States Citizenship and Immigration Services;

(e) Investigation or prosecution has the same meaning as in 8 C.F.R. 214.14;

(f) Law enforcement agency means a state or local law enforcement agency, prosecutor, or other authority that has responsibility for the investigation or prosecution of severe forms of trafficking in persons, as described in 8 C.F.R. 214.11(a);

(g) Qualifying criminal activity has the same meaning as in 8 C.F.R. 214.14;

(h) Victim of qualifying criminal activity has the same meaning as in 8 C.F.R. 214.14;

(i) Victim of a severe form of trafficking in persons has the same meaning as in 8 C.F.R. 214.11; and

(j) All references to federal statutes and regulations refer to such statutes and regulations as they existed on January 1, 2020.

(2)(a) On request from an individual whom a law enforcement agency reasonably believes to be a victim of a severe form of trafficking in persons, for purposes of a nonimmigrant T visa, pursuant to the criteria in 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)(T)(i)(I) and (III), a law enforcement agency, no later than ninety business days after receiving the request:

(i) Shall complete, sign, and return to the individual the Form I-914B; and

(ii) May submit a written request to an appropriate federal law enforcement officer asking such officer to file an application for continued presence pursuant to 22 U.S.C. 7105(c)(3).

(b) If the law enforcement agency determines that an individual does not meet the requirements of the law enforcement agency for completion of a Form I-914B, the law enforcement agency shall, no later than ninety business days after receiving the request, inform the individual of the reason and that the individual may make another request with additional evidence or documentation to satisfy such requirements. The law enforcement agency shall permit the individual to make such additional request.

(3)(a) On request from an individual whom a certifying agency reasonably believes to be a victim of qualifying criminal activity, for purposes of a nonimmigrant U visa, pursuant to the certification criteria in 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)(U)(i)(II) to (IV) and (iii), a certifying official in the certifying agency, no later than ninety business days after receiving the request, shall complete, sign, and return to the individual the Form I-918B.

(b) For purposes of determining helpfulness pursuant to 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)(U)(i)(III), an individual shall be considered helpful if, since the initiation of cooperation, the individual has not unreasonably refused to cooperate or failed to provide information and assistance reasonably requested by law enforcement or the prosecutor.

(c) If the certifying official determines that an individual does not meet the requirements of the certifying agency for completion of a Form I-918B, the certifying official shall, no later than ninety business days after receiving the request, inform the individual of the reason and that the individual may make another request with additional evidence or documentation to satisfy such requirements. The certifying official shall permit the individual to make such additional request.

(4) An investigation, the filing of charges, a prosecution, or a conviction are not required for an individual to request and obtain the signed and completed Form I-914B or Form I-918B from a law enforcement agency or certifying official.

(5) It is the exclusive responsibility of the federal immigration authorities to determine whether a person is eligible for a T or U visa. Completion of a Form I-914B or Form I-918B by a law enforcement agency or certifying official only serves to verify information regarding certain criteria considered by the federal government in granting such visas.

(6) A law enforcement agency, certifying agency, or certifying official has the discretion to revoke, disavow, or withdraw a previous completion of a Form I-914B or Form I-918B at any time after initial completion, as provided in 8 C.F.R. 214.11(d)(3)(ii) and 8 C.F.R. 214.14(h)(2)(i)(A).

(7) A law enforcement agency or certifying agency that receives a request under this section shall maintain an internal record of such request, including whether such request was granted or denied and, if denied, the reasons for such denial. Such record shall be maintained for at least three years from completion or denial of the request.

Every sheriff, deputy sheriff, marshal, deputy marshal, security guard, police officer, or peace officer as defined in subdivision (15) of section 49-801 shall arrest and detain any person found violating any law of this state or any legal ordinance of any city or incorporated village until a legal warrant can be obtained, except that (1) any such law enforcement officer taking a juvenile under the age of eighteen years into his or her custody for any violation herein defined shall proceed as set forth in sections 43-248, 43-248.01, 43-250, 43-251, 43-251.01, and 43-253 and (2) the court in which the juvenile is to appear shall not accept a plea from the juvenile until finding that the parents of the juvenile have been notified or that reasonable efforts to notify such parents have been made as provided in section 43-250.

Any person not an officer may, without warrant, arrest any person, if a petit larceny or a felony has been committed, and there is reasonable ground to believe the person arrested guilty of such offense, and may detain him until a legal warrant can be obtained.

A peace officer, a merchant, or a merchant's employee who has probable cause for believing that goods held for sale by the merchant have been unlawfully taken by a person and that he can recover them by taking the person into custody may, for the purpose of attempting to effect such recovery, take the person into custody and detain him in a reasonable manner for a reasonable length of time. Such taking into custody and detention by a peace officer, merchant, or merchant's employee shall not render such peace officer, merchant, or merchant's employee criminally or civilly liable for slander, libel, false arrest, false imprisonment, or unlawful detention.

Any peace officer may arrest without warrant any person he has probable cause for believing has committed larceny in retail or wholesale establishments.

A merchant or a merchant's employee who causes the arrest of a person, as provided for in section 29-402.01, for larceny of goods held for sale shall not be criminally or civilly liable for slander, libel, false arrest, or false imprisonment where the merchant or merchant's employee has probable cause for believing that the person arrested committed larceny of goods held for sale.

Judges of the district court and judges of the county court shall have power to issue process for the apprehension of any person charged with a criminal offense. Clerk magistrates shall have the power to issue such process as provided in section 24-519.

No complaint shall be filed with the magistrate unless such complaint is in writing and signed by the prosecuting attorney or by any other complainant. If the complainant is a person other than the prosecuting attorney or a city or village attorney prosecuting the violation of a municipal ordinance, he or she shall either have the consent of the prosecuting attorney or shall furnish to the magistrate a bond with good and sufficient sureties in such amount as the magistrate shall determine to indemnify the person complained against for wrongful or malicious prosecution. Whenever a complaint shall be filed with the magistrate, charging any person with the commission of an offense against the laws of this state, it shall be the duty of such magistrate to issue a warrant for the arrest of the person accused, if he or she has reasonable grounds to believe that the offense charged has been committed. The prosecuting attorney shall consent to the filing of such complaint if he or she is in possession of sufficient evidence to warrant the belief that the person named as defendant in such complaint is guilty of the crime alleged and can be convicted thereof. The Attorney General shall have the same power to consent to the filing of complaints as the prosecuting attorneys have in their respective counties.

The provisions of sections 29-404.01 to 29-404.03 shall be supplemental and in addition to any other laws relating to the subject of arrest.

(1) Except as provided in sections 28-311.11 and 42-928, a peace officer may arrest a person without a warrant if the officer has reasonable cause to believe that such person has committed:

(a) A felony;

(b) A misdemeanor, and the officer has reasonable cause to believe that such person either (i) will not be apprehended unless immediately arrested, (ii) may cause injury to himself or herself or others or damage to property unless immediately arrested, (iii) may destroy or conceal evidence of the commission of such misdemeanor, or (iv) has committed a misdemeanor in the presence of the officer; or

(c) One or more of the following acts to one or more household members, whether or not committed in the presence of the peace officer:

(i) Attempting to cause or intentionally and knowingly causing bodily injury with or without a dangerous instrument;

(ii) Placing, by physical menace, another in fear of imminent bodily injury; or

(iii) Engaging in sexual contact or sexual penetration without consent as defined in section 28-318.

(2) An individual arrested without a warrant under this section who remains in custody shall be brought before a court in the county where the arrest occurred for an appearance no later than seven days after such arrest. The appearance may be in person or conducted remotely by means of videoconferencing. The individual shall have the right to appear in person but must agree to waive the seven-day deadline if an in-person appearance within such time is not reasonably practicable.

(3) For purposes of this section:

(a) Household members includes spouses or former spouses, children, persons who are presently residing together or who have resided together in the past, persons who have a child in common whether or not they have been married or have lived together at any time, other persons related by consanguinity or affinity, and persons who are presently involved in a dating relationship with each other or who have been involved in a dating relationship with each other; and

(b) Dating relationship means frequent, intimate associations primarily characterized by the expectation of affectional or sexual involvement, but does not include a casual relationship or an ordinary association between persons in a business or social context.

In determining whether reasonable cause exists to justify an arrest, a law enforcement officer may take into account all facts and circumstances, including those based upon any expert knowledge or experience which the officer in fact possessed, which a prudent officer would judge relevant to the likelihood that a crime has been committed and that the person to be arrested has committed it, and for such purpose the officer may rely on information he receives from any informant whom it is reasonable under the circumstances to credit, whether or not at the time of making the arrest the officer knows the informant's identity.

When the offense charged is a misdemeanor, the magistrate, before issuing the warrant, may, at his discretion, require the complainant to acknowledge himself responsible for costs in case the complaint shall be dismissed, which acknowledgment of security for costs shall be entered upon the docket; and the magistrate on dismissal may, if in his opinion the complaint was without probable cause, enter a judgment against such complainant for costs made thereon. In case the magistrate shall consider such complainant wholly irresponsible, such magistrate may, in his discretion, refuse to issue any warrant unless the complainant procure some responsible surety to the satisfaction of such magistrate for the costs in case of such dismissal, and such surety shall acknowledge himself so bound, and the magistrate shall enter it on his docket.

The warrant shall be directed to the sheriff of the county or to the marshal or other police officer of a city or village and, reciting the substance of the accusation, shall command the officer to take the accused and bring him or her before the magistrate or court issuing the warrant or some other magistrate having cognizance of the case to be dealt with according to law. No seal shall be necessary to the validity of the warrant.

The magistrate issuing any such warrant may make an order thereon authorizing a person to be named in such warrant to execute the warrant. The person named in such order may execute such warrant anywhere in the state by apprehending and conveying such offender before the magistrate issuing such warrant or before some other magistrate of the same county. All sheriffs, coroners, and others when required in their respective counties shall aid and assist in the execution of such warrant.

If any person charged as aforesaid with the commission of an offense shall flee from justice, it shall be lawful for the officer, in whose hands the warrant for such person has been placed, to pursue and arrest such person in any other county of this state, and to convey him before the magistrate issuing the warrant, or any other magistrate having cognizance of the case, of the county where such offense was committed.

If any person charged with an offense shall abscond or remove from the county in which such offense is alleged to have been committed, it shall be lawful for any magistrate of the county in which such person may be found to issue a warrant for the arrest and removal of such person to the county in which the offense is alleged to have been committed, to be there delivered to any magistrate of such county, who shall cause the person so delivered to be dealt with according to law; and the warrant so issued shall have the same force and effect as if issued from the county in which such offense is alleged to have been committed.

Any officer or other person having in lawful custody any person accused of an offense for the purpose of bringing him before the proper magistrate or court, may place and detain such prisoner in any county jail of this state for one night or longer, as the occasion may require, so as to answer the purposes of the arrest and custody.

In executing a warrant for the arrest of a person charged with an offense, or a search warrant, or when authorized to make an arrest for a felony without a warrant, the officer may break open any outer or inner door or window of a dwelling house or other building, if, after notice of his office and purpose, he is refused admittance; or without giving notice of his authority and purpose, if the judge or magistrate issuing a search warrant has inserted a direction therein that the officer executing it shall not be required to give such notice, but the political subdivision from which such officer is elected or appointed shall be liable for all damages to the property in gaining admission. The judge or magistrate may so direct only upon proof under oath, to his satisfaction that the property sought may be easily or quickly destroyed or disposed of, or that danger to the life or limb of the officer or another may result, if such notice be given; but this section is not intended to authorize any officer executing a search warrant to enter any house or building not described in the warrant.

Whenever any person has been arrested under a warrant as provided in sections 29-401 to 29-411, it shall be the duty of the officer making the arrest to take the person so arrested before the proper magistrate; and the warrant by virtue of which the arrest was made, with the proper return endorsed thereon and signed by the officer, shall be delivered to such magistrate.

When any offense is committed in view of any magistrate, he or she may, by verbal direction to any sheriff, marshal, or other proper officer or, if no such officer is present, then to any citizen, cause the offender to be arrested and kept in custody for the space of one hour unless he or she shall sooner be taken from such custody by virtue of a warrant issued on complaint under oath. A person so arrested shall not be confined in jail nor put upon trial until arrested by virtue of such a warrant.

The county boards of the several counties in this state are hereby authorized, when they deem the same expedient, to offer such rewards as in their judgment the nature of the case may require for the detection or apprehension of any person charged with or convicted of a felony, and pay the same, together with all necessary expenses, not otherwise provided by law, incurred in making such detection or apprehension, out of the county treasury; Provided, in no case shall the amount paid out for expense exceed the sum of three hundred dollars.

The sheriffs of the several counties within this state are hereby authorized to offer and pay a reward not exceeding the sum of fifty dollars for the capture and conviction of any person charged with stealing a horse or horses, automobile or automobiles, within their respective counties; and the county boards of such counties shall audit the accounts of such sheriffs for money paid out as such rewards, together with all necessary expenses incurred in the apprehension and detention of any such horse thief or automobile thief, and pay the same out of the treasury of their county.

Any member of a duly organized state, county or municipal peace unit of another state of the United States who enters this state in fresh pursuit, and continues within this state in such fresh pursuit, of a person, in order to arrest him on the ground that he is believed to have committed a felony in such other state, shall have the same authority to arrest and hold such person in custody as has any member of any duly organized state, county or municipal peace unit of this state, to arrest and hold in custody a person on the ground that he is believed to have committed a felony in this state.

If an arrest is made in this state by an officer of another state in accordance with the provisions of section 29-416, he shall without unnecessary delay take the person arrested before a magistrate of the county in which the arrest was made, who shall conduct a hearing for the purpose of determining the lawfulness of the arrest. If the magistrate determines that the arrest was lawful he shall commit the person arrested to await for a reasonable time the issuance of an extradition warrant by the Governor of this state. If the magistrate determines that the arrest was unlawful he shall discharge the person arrested.

(1) A member of a duly organized state, county, or municipal peace unit of another state of the United States who enters this state in fresh pursuit under authority of the Uniform Act on Fresh Pursuit shall be jointly and severally liable, along with the state, county, or municipal peace unit employing the member, for death, injury, or property damage to an innocent third party proximately caused by the action of the member during fresh pursuit.

(2) A member of a duly organized state, county, or municipal peace unit of another state of the United States who enters this state in fresh pursuit under authority of the Uniform Act on Fresh Pursuit shall be deemed to have given his or her consent to be subject to the laws of this state, and such action by the member shall constitute sufficient contact with this state for the exercise of personal jurisdiction over such person, with respect to a cause of action regarding death, injury, or property damage to an innocent third party proximately caused by the actions of the member during fresh pursuit.

(3) Any duly organized state, county, or municipal peace unit of another state of the United States that authorizes its members to enter this state during fresh pursuit under authority of the Uniform Act on Fresh Pursuit shall be deemed to have given its consent to be subject to the laws of this state, and such action by the members shall constitute sufficient contact with this state for the exercise of personal jurisdiction over such peace unit, with respect to a cause of action regarding death, injury, or property damage to an innocent third party proximately caused by the actions of such members during fresh pursuit.

Section 29-416 shall not be construed so as to make unlawful any arrest in this state which would otherwise be lawful.

For purposes of the Uniform Act on Fresh Pursuit, the word state shall include the District of Columbia.

For purposes of the Uniform Act on Fresh Pursuit, the term fresh pursuit shall include fresh pursuit as defined by the common law and also the pursuit of a person who has committed a felony or who is reasonably suspected of having committed a felony. It shall also include the pursuit of a person suspected of having committed a supposed felony, though no felony has actually been committed, if there is reasonable ground for believing that a felony has been committed. Fresh pursuit shall not necessarily imply instant pursuit, but pursuit without unreasonable delay.

Sections 29-416 to 29-421 shall be known and may be cited as the Uniform Act on Fresh Pursuit.

It is hereby declared to be the policy of the State of Nebraska to issue citations in lieu of arrest or continued custody to the maximum extent consistent with the effective enforcement of the law and the protection of the public. In furtherance of that policy, except as provided in sections 28-311.11, 42-928, and 42-929, any peace officer shall be authorized to issue a citation in lieu of arrest or continued custody for any offense which is a traffic infraction, any other infraction, or a misdemeanor and for any violation of a city or village ordinance. Such authorization shall be carried out in the manner specified in sections 29-422 to 29-429 and 60-684 to 60-686.

To achieve uniformity, the Supreme Court may prescribe the form of citation. The citation shall include a description of the crime or offense charged, the time and place at which the person cited is to appear, a warning that failure to appear in accordance with the command of the citation is a punishable offense, and such other matter as the court deems appropriate, but shall not include a place for the cited person's social security number. The court may provide that a copy of the citation shall constitute the complaint filed in the trial court.

When a citation is used by a peace officer or when a citation is used by an official or inspector pursuant to section 18-1757, he or she shall enter thereon all required information, including the name and address of the cited person, the offense charged, and the time and place the person cited is to appear in court. Unless the person cited requests an earlier date, the time of appearance shall be at least three days after the issuance of the citation. One copy of the citation shall be delivered to the person cited, and a duplicate thereof shall be signed by such person, giving his or her promise to appear at the time and place stated therein. Such person thereupon shall be released from custody. As soon as practicable, the copy signed by the person cited shall be delivered to the prosecuting attorney.

At least twenty-four hours before the time set for the appearance of the cited person, either the prosecuting attorney or other person authorized by law to issue a complaint for the particular offense shall issue and file a complaint charging such person with an offense or such person shall be released from the obligation to appear as specified. A person cited pursuant to sections 29-422 to 29-429 may waive his or her right to trial. The Supreme Court may prescribe uniform rules for such waivers.

Anyone may use a credit card authorized by the court in which the person is cited as a means of payment of his or her fine and costs.

Citations may also be issued under the following circumstances:

(1) In any case in which the prosecuting officer is convinced that a citation would serve all of the purposes of an arrest warrant; and

(2) Whenever any complaint or information is filed in any court in this state charging a felony, misdemeanor, infraction, or violation of a city or village ordinance when the court is convinced that a citation would serve all of the purposes of the arrest warrant procedure.

The citations provided for in this section may be served in the same manner as an arrest warrant, in the same manner as a summons in a civil action, or may be served by certified mail.

Any person failing to appear or otherwise comply with the command of a citation shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and shall, upon conviction thereof, be punished by a fine of not more than five hundred dollars, or by imprisonment in the county jail for not more than three months, or by both such fine and imprisonment.

Any peace officer having grounds for making an arrest may take the accused into custody or, already having done so, detain him further when the accused fails to identify himself satisfactorily, or refuses to sign the citation, or when the officer has reasonable grounds to believe that (1) the accused will refuse to respond to the citation, (2) such custody is necessary to protect the accused or others when his continued liberty would constitute a risk of immediate harm, (3) such action is necessary in order to carry out legitimate investigative functions, (4) the accused has no ties to the jurisdiction reasonably sufficient to assure his appearance, or (5) the accused has previously failed to appear in response to a citation.

Nothing in sections 29-422 to 29-429 and 60-684 to 60-686 shall be construed to affect the rights, lawful procedures, or responsibilities of law enforcement agencies or peace officers using the citation procedure in lieu of the arrest or warrant procedure.

Notwithstanding that a citation is issued, a peace officer is authorized to take a cited person to an appropriate medical facility if he appears mentally or physically unable to care for himself.

A citation issued by a law enforcement officer shall not contain the cited person's social security number.

As used in sections 28-416, 29-422, 29-424, 29-425, 29-431 to 29-434, 48-1231, and 53-173, unless the context otherwise requires, infraction means the violation of any law, ordinance, order, rule, or regulation, not including those related to traffic, which is not otherwise declared to be a misdemeanor or a felony. Infraction includes violations of section 60-6,267 and beginning January 1, 2024, section 60-6,279.

Any peace officer may take a person alleged to have committed an infraction into custody if harm is likely to occur to either the individual or society if such person is not taken into custody.

A person cited for an infraction pursuant to section 28-416 shall be assigned to attend a course of instruction relating to the effects of the misuse of drugs, including alcohol and controlled substances. Such instruction shall include counseling on the legal, medical, psychological, and social effects of drug use and abuse. Such course shall consist of a minimum of five hours and a maximum of ten hours of instruction and counseling. Upon completion of the assigned course the instructor shall notify the court in writing of such completion and the notification shall be made a part of the record of the citation. Any person failing to complete such course within thirty days after the assignment shall be guilty of an infraction.

All drug treatment centers shall provide the necessary facilities and programs to carry out the provisions of section 29-433.

Except as provided in section 29-427, for any offense classified as an infraction, a citation shall be issued in lieu of arrest or continued custody pursuant to sections 29-422 to 29-429.

Any person guilty of an infraction when a penalty is not otherwise specified shall: (1) For the first offense be fined not more than one hundred dollars; (2) upon a second conviction for the same infraction within a two-year period be fined not less than one hundred dollars and not more than three hundred dollars; and (3) upon a third or subsequent conviction for the same infraction within a two-year period be fined not less than two hundred dollars and not more than five hundred dollars.

The trial of any person for an infraction shall be by the court without a jury. All other rights provided by the Constitution of the United States made applicable to the states by the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of the State of Nebraska shall apply to persons charged with an infraction.

Any person charged with commission of an infraction which was committed more than two years after such person's last conviction for the same infraction shall be charged as though the most recent infraction was a first offense.

(1) If a peace officer receives complaints under section 28-323 from two or more opposing persons, the officer shall evaluate each complaint separately to determine who was the predominant aggressor. If the officer determines that one person was the predominant aggressor, the officer need not arrest the other person believed to have committed an offense. In determining whether a person is the predominant aggressor, the officer shall consider, among other things:

(a) Prior complaints under section 28-323;

(b) The relative severity of the injuries inflicted on each person;

(c) The likelihood of future injury to each person; and

(d) Whether one of the persons acted with a justified use of force under sections 28-1406 to 28-1416.

(2) In addition to any other report required, a peace officer who arrests two or more persons with respect to such a complaint shall submit a detailed, written report setting forth the grounds for arresting multiple parties.

(1) Incident to an arrest under section 28-323, a peace officer:

(a) Shall seize all weapons that are alleged to have been involved or threatened to be used; and

(b) May seize any firearm and ammunition in the plain view of the officer or that is discovered pursuant to a search authorized or consented to by the person being searched or in charge of the premises being searched, as necessary for the protection of the officer or any other person.

(2) Weapons seized under this section shall be stored according to the policies and procedures implemented by the seizing law enforcement agency.

(3) Disposition of weapons under this section shall be determined by court order.

When the complaint is for a felony, upon the accused being brought before the magistrate, he shall proceed as soon as may be, in the presence of the accused, to inquire into the complaint.

The magistrate, if requested, or if he sees good cause therefor, shall order that the witnesses on both sides be examined each one separate from all the others, and that the witnesses for may be kept separate from the witnesses against the accused during the examination.

If upon the whole examination, it shall appear that no offense has been committed or that there is no probable cause for holding the accused to answer for the offense, he shall be discharged; but if it shall appear that an offense has been committed and there is probable cause to believe that the person charged has committed the offense, the accused shall be committed to the jail of the county in which the same is to be tried, there to remain until he is discharged by due course of law; Provided, if the offense be bailable, the accused may be released pursuant to Chapter 29, article 9, such release to be conditioned on his appearance before the district court as ordered. When a defendant has executed an appearance bond and made a deposit with the court pursuant to section 29-901, and such appearance bond is continued in force for the defendant's appearance in district court, the appearance bond costs shall be retained by the examining court, and the appearance bond and the balance of the deposit shall be transmitted to the district court.

A witness against a person accused of a felony shall be ordered released from custody unless the court determines in the exercise of discretion that such release will not reasonably assure that the witness will appear and testify at the trial as required. When a determination to release the witness from custody is made, the court may impose any of the following conditions of release which will reasonably assure the appearance of the witness for trial or, if no single condition gives that assurance, any combination of the following conditions:

(1) Place the witness in the custody of a designated person or organization agreeing to supervise him or her;

(2) Place restrictions on the travel, association, or place of abode of the witness during the period of such release;

(3) Require, at the option of any witness, either of the following:

(a) The execution of an appearance bond in a specified amount and the deposit with the clerk of the court in cash of a sum not to exceed ten percent of the amount of the bond, one hundred percent of such deposit to be returned to the witness upon the performance of the appearance or appearances; or

(b) The execution of a bail bond with such surety or sureties as the court shall deem proper or, in lieu of such surety or sureties, at the option of such witness, a cash deposit of the sum so fixed, conditioned upon his or her appearance before the proper court as a witness, and to appear at such times thereafter as may be ordered by the proper court. If the amount of bail is deemed insufficient by the court before whom the offense is pending, such court may order an increase of such bail and the witness must provide the additional undertaking, written or cash, to secure his or her release. All recognizances shall be in writing and be continuous from term to term until final judgment of the court in the case. Each surety on such recognizance shall be required to justify under oath in a sum twice the amount of such recognizance and give the description of real estate owned by him or her of a value, above encumbrance, equal to the amount of such justification, and shall name all other cases pending in which he or she is a surety. No one shall be accepted as surety on recognizance aggregating a sum in excess of his or her equity in his or her real estate, but such recognizance shall not constitute a lien on such real estate until judgment is entered thereon against such surety; or

(4) Impose any other condition deemed reasonably necessary to assure appearances as required, including a condition requiring that the witness return to custody after specified hours.

If any witness required to enter into a recognizance or accept specified conditions for release under section 29-507 refuses to comply with such order, the court shall, subject to the conditions and procedure provided in section 29-508.01, commit him or her to jail until he or she complies with such order or is otherwise discharged according to law.

Before a witness is committed to jail under subdivision (4) of section 29-507 or 29-508, he or she shall:

(1) Receive written notice of the allegations upon which the state relied for its claim of a right to require a recognizance or detention and of the time and place of the hearing on those allegations;

(2) Have a hearing before a judge;

(3) Have the evidence in support of the state's claim disclosed to him or her at a hearing;

(4) Have an opportunity to be heard in person and to present witnesses and documentary evidence;

(5) Have, to the extent practicable, the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses;

(6) Have the right to counsel; and

(7) Be given a written statement by the decisionmaker as to the evidence relied upon and the reasons for the decision made.

A decision to commit a person to jail may be appealed and shall be given priority on the appellate court's calendar.

A witness committed to jail under subdivision (4) of section 29-507 or 29-508 shall, in addition to the fee provided under section 33-139, receive an amount equal to the amount a witness receives under section 29-1908 for each day held in custody.

It shall be the duty of every magistrate in criminal proceedings to keep a docket thereof as in civil cases. All recognizances taken under section 29-506 or 29-507, together with a transcript of the proceedings, where the defendant is held to answer, shall be certified and returned forthwith to the clerk of the court at which the prisoner is to appear. The transcript shall contain an accurate bill of all the costs that have accrued, and the items composing the same.

If upon the examination it shall appear to the magistrate that the accused has committed an offense of a higher grade than that charged, he may be held to answer therefor.

In criminal misdemeanor cases the clerk may issue writs of subpoena to the witness named therein by mailing it to such person by certified mail to the last-known residence of such person or, if such address is unknown, to the last-known business address of such person. The person making such service shall make a return thereof showing the manner and proof of service. If any such witness shall fail to appear at the time and place required by the subpoena, such witness may be deemed to be in contempt of court upon a showing of actual notice.

Contempt of court under section 29-610.01 shall be punished by a fine of not less than ten dollars nor more than five hundred dollars or by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding thirty days, or by both such fine and imprisonment.

The defendant shall have the right of appeal from any judgment of a county court pursuant to sections 25-2728 to 25-2737.

If in the progress of any trial before a county court it shall appear that the defendant ought to be put upon his or her trial for an offense not cognizable before such court, the court shall immediately stop all further proceedings before the court and proceed as in other criminal cases exclusively cognizable before the district court.

Where appearing in sections 29-729 to 29-758, the term Governor includes any person performing the functions of Governor by authority of the law of this state. The term Executive Authority includes the Governor, and any person performing the functions of Governor in a state other than this state, and the term State, referring to a state other than this state, includes any other state or territory, organized or unorganized, of the United States of America.

Subject to the provisions of sections 29-729 to 29-758, the provisions of the Constitution of the United States controlling, and any and all acts of Congress enacted in pursuance thereof, it is the duty of the Governor of this state to have arrested and delivered up to the Executive Authority of any other state of the United States any person charged in that state with treason, felony, or other crime, who has fled from justice and is found in this state.

No demand for the extradition of a person charged with crime in another state shall be recognized by the Governor unless in writing alleging, except in cases arising under section 29-734, that the accused was present in the demanding state at the time of the commission of the alleged crime, and that thereafter he fled from the state, and accompanied by a copy of an indictment found or by information supported by affidavit in the state having jurisdiction of the crime, or by a copy of an affidavit made before a magistrate there, together with a copy of any warrant which was issued thereupon; or by a copy of a judgment of conviction or of a sentence imposed in execution thereof, together with a statement by the Executive Authority of the demanding state that the person claimed has escaped from confinement or has broken the terms of his bail, probation or parole. The indictment, information, or affidavit made before the magistrate must substantially charge the person demanded with having committed a crime under the law of that state; and the copy of indictment, information, affidavit, judgment of conviction or sentence must be authenticated by the Executive Authority making the demand.

When a demand shall be made upon the Governor of this state by the Executive Authority of another state for the surrender of a person so charged with crime, the Governor may call upon the Attorney General or any prosecuting officer in this state to investigate or assist in investigating the demand, and to report to him the situation and circumstances of the person so demanded, and whether he ought to be surrendered.

When it is desired to have returned to this state a person charged in this state with a crime, and such person is imprisoned or is held under criminal proceedings then pending against him in another state, the Governor of this state may agree with the Executive Authority of such other state for the extradition of such person before the conclusion of such proceedings or his term of sentence in such other state, upon condition that such person be returned to such other state at the expense of this state as soon as the prosecution in this state is terminated.

The Governor of this state may also surrender on demand of the Executive Authority of any other state any person in this state who is charged in the manner provided in section 29-751 with having violated the laws of the state whose Executive Authority is making the demand, even though such person left the demanding state involuntarily.

The Governor of this state may also surrender, on demand of the Executive Authority of any other state, any person in this state charged in such other state in the manner provided in section 29-731 with committing an act in this state, or in a third state, intentionally resulting in a crime in the state whose Executive Authority is making the demand, and the provisions of sections 29-729 to 29-758 not otherwise inconsistent, shall apply to such cases, even though the accused was not in that state at the time of the commission of the crime, and has not fled therefrom.

If the Governor decides that the demand should be complied with, he shall sign a warrant of arrest, which shall be sealed with the state seal, and be directed to any peace officer or other person whom he may think fit to entrust with the execution thereof. The warrant must substantially recite the facts necessary to the validity of its issuance.

Such warrant shall authorize the peace officer or other person to whom directed to arrest the accused at any time and any place where he may be found within the state and to command the aid of all peace officers or other persons in the execution of the warrant, and to deliver the accused, subject to the provisions of sections 29-729 to 29-758 to the duly authorized agent of the demanding state.

Every such peace officer or other person empowered to make the arrest shall have the same authority, in arresting the accused, to command assistance therein, as peace officers have by law in the execution of any criminal process directed to them, with like penalties against those who refuse their assistance.

No person arrested upon such warrant shall be delivered over to the agent whom the Executive Authority demanding him shall have appointed to receive him unless he shall first be taken forthwith before a judge of a court of record in this state, who shall inform him of the demand made for his surrender and of the crime with which he is charged, and that he has the right to demand and procure legal counsel; and if the prisoner or his counsel shall state that he or they desire to test the legality of his arrest, the judge of such court of record shall fix a reasonable time to be allowed him within which to apply for a writ of habeas corpus. When such writ is applied for, notice thereof, and of the time and place of hearing thereon, shall be given to the prosecuting officer of the county in which the arrest is made and in which the accused is in custody, and to the said agent of the demanding state.

Any officer who shall deliver to the agent for extradition of the demanding state a person in his custody under the Governor's warrant, in willful disobedience to section 29-738, shall be guilty of a Class II misdemeanor.

The officer or persons executing the Governor's warrant of arrest, or the agent of the demanding state to whom the prisoner may have been delivered may, when necessary, confine the prisoner in the jail of any county or city through which he may pass; and the keeper of such jail must receive and safely keep the prisoner until the officer or person having charge of him is ready to proceed on his route, such officer or person being chargeable with the expense of keeping.

The officer or agent of a demanding state to whom a prisoner may have been delivered following extradition proceedings in another state, or to whom a prisoner may have been delivered after waiving extradition in such other state, and who is passing through this state with such prisoner for the purpose of immediately returning such prisoner to the demanding state may, when necessary, confine the prisoner in the jail of any county or city through which he may pass; and the keeper of such jail must receive and safely keep the prisoner until the officer or agent having charge of him is ready to proceed on his route, such officer or agent, however, being chargeable with the expense of keeping; Provided however, that such officer or agent shall produce and show to the keeper of such jail satisfactory written evidence of the fact that he is actually transporting such prisoner to the demanding state after a requisition by the Executive Authority of such demanding state. Such prisoner shall not be entitled to demand a new requisition while in this state.

Whenever any person within this state shall be charged on the oath of any credible person before any judge or magistrate of this state with the commission of any crime in any other state and, except in cases arising under section 29-734, with having fled from justice, or with having been convicted of a crime in that state and having escaped from confinement, or having broken the terms of his bail, probation or parole, or whenever complaint shall have been made before any judge or magistrate in this state setting forth on the affidavit of any credible person in another state that a crime has been committed in such other state and that the accused has been charged in such state with the commission of the crime, and, except in cases arising under section 29-734, has fled from justice, or with having been convicted of a crime in that state and having escaped from confinement, or having broken the terms of his bail, probation or parole and is believed to be in this state, the judge or magistrate shall issue a warrant directed to any peace officer commanding him to apprehend the person named therein, wherever he may be found in this state, and to bring him before the same or any other judge, magistrate or court who or which may be available in or convenient of access to the place where the arrest may be made, to answer the charge or complaint and affidavit, and a certified copy of the sworn charge or complaint and affidavit upon which the warrant is issued shall be attached to the warrant.

The arrest of a person may be lawfully made also by any peace officer or a private person, without a warrant upon reasonable information that the accused stands charged in the courts of a state with a crime punishable by death or imprisonment for a term exceeding one year, but when so arrested the accused must be taken before a judge or magistrate with all practicable speed and complaint must be made against him under oath setting forth the ground for the arrest as in section 29-741; and thereafter his answer shall be heard as if he had been arrested on a warrant.

If from the examination before the judge or magistrate it appears that the person held is the person charged with having committed the crime alleged and, except in cases arising under section 29-734, that he has fled from justice, the judge or magistrate must, by a warrant reciting the accusation, commit him to the county jail for such a time not exceeding thirty days and specified in the warrant, as will enable the arrest of the accused to be made under a warrant of the Governor on a requisition of the Executive Authority of the state having jurisdiction of the offense, unless the accused give bail as provided in section 29-744, or until he shall be legally discharged.

Unless the offense with which the prisoner is charged is shown to be an offense punishable by death or life imprisonment under the laws of the state in which it was committed, a judge or magistrate in this state may admit the person arrested to bail by bond, with sufficient sureties, and in such sum as he deems proper, conditioned for his appearance before him at a time specified in such bond, and for his surrender, to be arrested upon the warrant of the Governor of this state.

If the accused is not arrested under warrant of the Governor by the expiration of the time specified in the warrant or bond, a judge or magistrate may discharge him or may recommit him for a further period not to exceed sixty days, or a judge or magistrate judge may again take bail for his appearance and surrender, as provided in section 29-744, but within a period not to exceed sixty days after the date of such new bond.

If the prisoner is admitted to bail, and fails to appear and surrender himself according to the conditions of his bond, the judge, or magistrate by proper order, shall declare the bond forfeited and order his immediate arrest without warrant if he be within this state. Recovery may be had on such bond in the name of the state as in the case of other bonds given by the accused in criminal proceedings within this state.

If a criminal prosecution has been instituted against such person under the laws of this state and is still pending the Governor, in his discretion, either may surrender him on demand of the Executive Authority of another state or hold him until he has been tried and discharged or convicted and punished in this state.

The guilt or innocence of the accused as to the crime of which he is charged may not be inquired into by the Governor or in any proceeding after the demand for extradition accompanied by a charge of crime in legal form as above provided shall have been presented to the Governor, except as it may be involved in identifying the person held as the person charged with the crime.

The Governor may recall his warrant of arrest or may issue another warrant whenever he deems proper.

Whenever the Governor of this state shall demand a person charged with crime or with escaping from confinement or breaking the terms of his bail, probation or parole in this state, from the Executive Authority of any other state, or from the Chief Justice or an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia authorized to receive such demand under the laws of the United States, he shall issue a warrant under the seal of this state, to some agent, commanding him to receive the person so charged if delivered to him and convey him to the proper officer of the county in this state in which the offense was committed.

(1) When the return to this state of a person charged with crime in this state is required, the prosecuting attorney shall present to the Governor a written application for a requisition for the return of the person charged in which application shall be stated the name of the person so charged, the crime charged against him or her, the approximate time, place, and circumstances of its commission, the state in which he or she is believed to be, including the location of the accused therein at the time the application is made and certifying that, in the opinion of the said prosecuting attorney the ends of justice require the arrest and return of the accused to this state for trial and that the proceeding is not instituted to enforce a private claim.

(2) When the return to this state is required of a person who has been convicted of a crime in this state and has escaped from confinement or broken the terms of his or her bail, probation, or parole, the prosecuting attorney of the county in which the offense was committed, the parole board, or, if the escape was from an institution of the Department of Correctional Services, the Director of Correctional Services, or sheriff of the county from which escape was made, shall present to the Governor a written application for a requisition for the return of such person, in which application shall be stated the name of the person, the crime of which he or she was convicted, the circumstances of the escape from confinement or of the breach of the terms of bail, probation, or parole, the state in which he or she is believed to be, including the location of the person therein at the time application is made.

(3) The application shall be verified by affidavit, shall be executed in duplicate, and shall be accompanied by two certified copies of the indictment returned, or information and affidavit filed, or of the complaint made to the judge or magistrate, stating the offense with which the accused is charged, or of the judgment of conviction or of the sentence. The prosecuting officer, parole board, director, or sheriff may also attach such further affidavits and other documents in duplicate as he or she shall deem proper to be submitted with such application. One copy of the application, with the action of the Governor indicated by endorsement thereon, and one of the certified copies of the indictment, complaint, information, and affidavits, or of the judgment of conviction or of the sentence shall be filed in the office of the Secretary of State to remain of record in that office. The other copies of all papers shall be forwarded with the Governor's requisition.

When the punishment of the crime is the confinement of the criminal in a Department of Correctional Services adult correctional facility, the expenses shall be paid out of the state treasury on the certificate of the Governor and warrant of the State Treasurer and Director of Administrative Services. In all other cases the expenses shall be paid out of the county treasury in the county wherein the crime is alleged to have been committed. The expenses shall be the fees paid to the officers of the state on whose Governor the requisition is made and shall be equal to the mileage rate authorized in section 81-1176 for each mile which is necessary to travel in returning such prisoner.

A person brought into this state by, or after waiver of, extradition based on a criminal charge shall not be subject to service of personal process in civil actions arising out of the same facts as the criminal proceeding to answer which he is being or has been returned, until he has been convicted in the criminal proceeding, or, if acquitted, until he has had reasonable opportunity to return to the state from which he was extradited.

Any person arrested in this state charged with having committed any crime in another state or alleged to have escaped from confinement, or broken the terms of his bail, probation or parole may waive the issuance and service of the warrant provided for in sections 29-735 and 29-736 and all other procedure incidental to extradition proceedings, by executing or subscribing in the presence of a judge of any court of record within this state a writing which states that he consents to return to the demanding state; Provided however, that before such waiver shall be executed or subscribed by such person it shall be the duty of such judge to inform such person of his rights to the issuance and service of a warrant of extradition and to obtain a writ of habeas corpus as provided for in section 29-738.

If and when such consent has been duly executed it shall forthwith be forwarded to the office of the Governor of this state and filed therein. The judge shall direct the officer having such person in custody to deliver forthwith such person to the duly accredited agent or agents of the demanding state, and shall deliver or cause to be delivered to such agent or agents a copy of such consent; Provided however, that nothing in this section shall be deemed to limit the rights of the accused person to return voluntarily and without formality to the demanding state, nor shall this waiver procedure be deemed to be an exclusive procedure or to limit the powers, rights or duties of the officers of the demanding state or of this state.

Nothing in sections 29-729 to 29-758 contained shall be deemed to constitute a waiver by this state of its right, power or privilege to try such demanded person for crime committed within this state, or of its right, power or privilege to regain custody of such person by extradition proceedings or otherwise for the purpose of trial, sentence or punishment for any crime committed within this state, nor shall any proceedings had under sections 29-729 to 29-758 which result in, or fail to result in, extradition be deemed a waiver by this state of any of its rights, privileges or jurisdiction in any way whatsoever.

After a person has been brought back to this state by, or after waiver of extradition proceedings, he may be tried in this state for other crimes which he may be charged with having committed here as well as that specified in the requisition for his extradition.

The provisions of sections 29-729 to 29-758 shall be so interpreted and construed as to effectuate their general purposes to make uniform the law of those states which enact them.

Sections 29-729 to 29-758 may be cited as the Uniform Criminal Extradition Act.

The Agreement on Detainers is hereby enacted into law and entered into by this state with all other jurisdictions legally joining therein in the form substantially as follows:

"TEXT OF THE AGREEMENT ON DETAINERS

The contracting states solemnly agree that:

Article I

The party states find that charges outstanding against a prisoner, detainers based on untried indictments, informations or complaints, and difficulties in securing speedy trial of persons already incarcerated in other jurisdictions, produce uncertainties which obstruct programs of prisoner treatment and rehabilitation. Accordingly, it is the policy of the party states and the purpose of this agreement to encourage the expeditious and orderly disposition of such charges and determination of the proper status of any and all detainers based on untried indictments, informations or complaints. The party states also find that proceedings with reference to such charges and detainers, when emanating from another jurisdiction, cannot properly be had in the absence of cooperative procedures. It is the further purpose of this agreement to provide such cooperative procedures.

Article II

As used in this agreement:

(a) State shall mean a state of the United States; the United States of America; a territory or possession of the United States; the District of Columbia; the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.

(b) Sending state shall mean a state in which a prisoner is incarcerated at the time that he initiates a request for final disposition pursuant to Article III hereof or at the time that a request for custody or availability is initiated pursuant to Article IV hereof.

(c) Receiving state shall mean the state in which trial is to be had on an indictment, information or complaint pursuant to Article III or Article IV hereof.

Article III

(a) Whenever a person has entered upon a term of imprisonment in a penal or correctional institution of a party state, and whenever during the continuance of the term of imprisonment there is pending in any other party state any untried indictment, information or complaint on the basis of which a detainer has been lodged against the prisoner, he shall be brought to trial within one hundred eighty days after he shall have caused to be delivered to the prosecuting officer and the appropriate court of the prosecuting officer's jurisdiction written notice of the place of his imprisonment and his request for a final disposition to be made of the indictment, information or complaint; Provided, that for good cause shown in open court, the prisoner or his counsel being present, the court having jurisdiction of the matter may grant any necessary or reasonable continuance. The request of the prisoner shall be accompanied by a certificate of the appropriate official having custody of the prisoner, stating the term of commitment under which the prisoner is being held, the time already served, the time remaining to be served on the sentence, the amount of good time earned, the time of parole eligibility of the prisoner, and any decisions of the state parole agency relating to the prisoner.

(b) The written notice and request for final disposition referred to in paragraph (a) hereof shall be given or sent by the prisoner to the warden, commissioner of corrections or other official having custody of him, who shall promptly forward it together with the certificate to the appropriate prosecuting official and court by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested.

(c) The warden, commissioner of corrections or other official having custody of the prisoner shall promptly inform him of the source and contents of any detainer lodged against him and shall also inform him of his right to make a request for final disposition of the indictment, information or complaint on which the detainer is based.

(d) Any request for final disposition made by a prisoner pursuant to paragraph (a) hereof shall operate as a request for final disposition of all untried indictments, informations or complaints on the basis of which detainers have been lodged against the prisoner from the state to whose prosecuting official the request for final disposition is specifically directed. The warden, commissioner of corrections or other official having custody of the prisoner shall forthwith notify all appropriate prosecuting officers and courts in the several jurisdictions within the state to which the prisoner's request for final disposition is being sent of the proceeding being initiated by the prisoner. Any notification sent pursuant to this paragraph shall be accompanied by copies of the prisoner's written notice, request, and the certificate. If trial is not had on any indictment, information or complaint contemplated hereby prior to the return of the prisoner to the original place of imprisonment, such indictment, information or complaint shall not be of any further force or effect, and the court shall enter an order dismissing the same with prejudice.

(e) Any request for final disposition made by a prisoner pursuant to paragraph (a) hereof shall also be deemed to be a waiver of extradition with respect to any charge or proceeding contemplated thereby or included therein by reason of paragraph (d) hereof, and a waiver of extradition to the receiving state to serve any sentence there imposed upon him, after completion of his term of imprisonment in the sending state. The request for final disposition shall also constitute a consent by the prisoner to the production of his body in any court where his presence may be required in order to effectuate the purposes of this agreement and a further consent voluntarily to be returned to the original place of imprisonment in accordance with the provisions of this agreement. Nothing in this paragraph shall prevent the imposition of a concurrent sentence if otherwise permitted by law.

(f) Escape from custody by the prisoner subsequent to his execution of the request for final disposition referred to in paragraph (a) hereof shall void the request.

Article IV

(a) The appropriate officer of the jurisdiction in which an untried indictment, information or complaint is pending shall be entitled to have a prisoner against whom he has lodged a detainer and who is serving a term of imprisonment in any party state made available in accordance with Article V (a) hereof upon presentation of a written request for temporary custody or availability to the appropriate authorities of the state in which the prisoner is incarcerated; Provided, that the court having jurisdiction of such indictment, information or complaint shall have duly approved, recorded and transmitted the request; and provided further, that there shall be a period of thirty days after receipt by the appropriate authorities before the request be honored, within which period the governor of the sending state may disapprove the request for temporary custody or availability, either upon his own motion or upon motion of the prisoner.

(b) Upon receipt of the officer's written request as provided in paragraph (a) hereof, the appropriate authorities having the prisoner in custody shall furnish the officer with a certificate stating the term of commitment under which the prisoner is being held, the time already served, the time remaining to be served on the sentence, the amount of good time earned, the time of parole eligibility of the prisoner, and any decisions of the state parole agency relating to the prisoner. Said authorities simultaneously shall furnish all other officers and appropriate courts in the receiving state who have lodged detainers against the prisoner with similar certificates and with notices informing them of the request for custody or availability and of the reasons therefor.

(c) In respect of any proceeding made possible by this article, trial shall be commenced within one hundred twenty days of the arrival of the prisoner in the receiving state, but for good cause shown in open court, the prisoner or his counsel being present, the court having jurisdiction of the matter may grant any necessary or reasonable continuance.

(d) Nothing contained in this article shall be construed to deprive any prisoner of any right which he may have to contest the legality of his delivery as provided in paragraph (a) hereof, but such delivery may not be opposed or denied on the ground that the executive authority of the sending state has not affirmatively consented to or ordered such delivery.

(e) If trial is not had on any indictment, information or complaint contemplated hereby prior to the prisoner's being returned to the original place of imprisonment pursuant to Article V(e) hereof, such indictment, information or complaint shall not be of any further force or effect, and the court shall enter an order dismissing the same with prejudice.

Article V

(a) In response to a request made under Article III or Article IV hereof, the appropriate authority in a sending state shall offer to deliver temporary custody of such prisoner to the appropriate authority in the state where such indictment, information or complaint is pending against such person in order that speedy and efficient prosecution may be had. If the request for final disposition is made by the prisoner, the offer of temporary custody shall accompany the written notice provided for in Article III of this agreement. In the case of a federal prisoner, the appropriate authority in the receiving state shall be entitled to temporary custody as provided by this agreement or to the prisoner's presence in federal custody at the place for trial, whichever custodial arrangement may be approved by the custodian.

(b) The officer or other representative of a state accepting an offer of temporary custody shall present the following upon demand:

(1) Proper identification and evidence of his authority to act for the state into whose temporary custody the prisoner is to be given.

(2) A duly certified copy of the indictment, information or complaint on the basis of which the detainer has been lodged and on the basis of which the request for temporary custody of the prisoner has been made.

(c) If the appropriate authority shall refuse or fail to accept temporary custody of said person, or in the event that an action on the indictment, information or complaint on the basis of which the detainer has been lodged is not brought to trial within the period provided in Article III or Article IV hereof, the appropriate court of the jurisdiction where the indictment, information or complaint has been pending shall enter an order dismissing the same with prejudice, and any detainer based thereon shall cease to be of any force or effect.

(d) The temporary custody referred to in this agreement shall be only for the purpose of permitting prosecution on the charge or charges contained in one or more untried indictments, informations or complaints which form the basis of the detainer or detainers or for prosecution on any other charge or charges arising out of the same transaction. Except for his attendance at court and while being transported to or from any place at which his presence may be required, the prisoner shall be held in a suitable jail or other facility regularly used for persons awaiting prosecution.

(e) At the earliest practicable time consonant with the purposes of this agreement, the prisoner shall be returned to the sending state.

(f) During the continuance of temporary custody or while the prisoner is otherwise being made available for trial as required by this agreement, time being served on the sentence shall continue to run but good time shall be earned by the prisoner only if, and to the extent that, the law and practice of the jurisdiction which imposed the sentence may allow.

(g) For all purposes other than that for which temporary custody as provided in this agreement is exercised, the prisoner shall be deemed to remain in the custody of and subject to the jurisdiction of the sending state and any escape from temporary custody may be dealt with in the same manner as an escape from the original place of imprisonment or in any other manner permitted by law.

(h) From the time that a party state receives custody of a prisoner pursuant to this agreement until such prisoner is returned to the territory and custody of the sending state, the state in which the one or more untried indictments, informations or complaints are pending or in which trial is being had shall be responsible for the prisoner and shall also pay all costs of transporting, caring for, keeping and returning the prisoner. The provisions of this paragraph shall govern unless the states concerned shall have entered into a supplementary agreement providing for a different allocation of costs and responsibilities as between or among themselves. Nothing herein contained shall be construed to alter or affect any internal relationship among the departments, agencies and officers of and in the government of a party state, or between a party state and its subdivisions, as to the payment of costs, or responsibilities therefor. The costs contemplated by this section which must be paid by the State of Nebraska or the appropriate political subdivision thereof shall be paid in the same manner and extent and from the same funds which would have been used in the case of extradition of a prisoner from another state.

Article VI

(a) In determining the duration and expiration dates of the time periods provided in Articles III and IV of this agreement, the running of said time periods shall be tolled whenever and for as long as the prisoner is unable to stand trial, as determined by the court having jurisdiction of the matter.

(b) No provision of this agreement, and no remedy made available by this agreement, shall apply to any person who is adjudged to be mentally ill.

Article VII

Each state party to this agreement shall designate an officer who, acting jointly with like officers of other party states, shall promulgate rules and regulations to carry out more effectively the terms and provisions of this agreement, and who shall provide, within and without the state, information necessary to the effective operation of this agreement.

Article VIII

This agreement shall enter into full force and effect as to a party state when such state has enacted the same into law. A state party to this agreement may withdraw herefrom by enacting a statute repealing the same. However, the withdrawal of any state shall not affect the status of any proceedings already initiated by inmates or by state officers at the time such withdrawal takes effect, nor shall it affect their rights in respect thereof.

Article IX

This agreement shall be liberally construed so as to effectuate its purposes. The provisions of this agreement shall be severable and if any phrase, clause, sentence or provision of this agreement is declared to be contrary to the constitution of any party state or of the United States or the applicability thereof to any government, agency, person or circumstance is held invalid, the validity of the remainder of this agreement and the applicability thereof to any government, agency, person or circumstance shall not be affected thereby. If this agreement shall be held contrary to the constitution of any state party hereto, the agreement shall remain in full force and effect as to the remaining states and in full force and effect as to the state affected as to all severable matters."

The phrase appropriate court as used in the Agreement on Detainers shall, with reference to the courts of this state, mean any court with criminal jurisdiction in the matter involved.

All courts, departments, agencies, officers and employees of this state and its political subdivisions are hereby directed to enforce the Agreement on Detainers and to cooperate with one another and with other party states in enforcing the agreement and effectuating its purpose.

Escape from custody while in another state pursuant to the Agreement on Detainers shall constitute an offense against the laws of this state to the same extent and degree as an escape from the institution in which the prisoner was confined immediately prior to having been sent to another state pursuant to the provisions of the Agreement on Detainers and shall be punishable in the same manner as an escape from said institution.

It shall be lawful and mandatory upon the warden or other official in charge of a penal or correctional institution in this state to give over the person of any inmate thereof whenever so required by the operation of the Agreement on Detainers.

Pursuant to said agreement, the Governor is hereby authorized and empowered to designate an officer or alternate who shall be the central administrator of and the information agent for the Agreement on Detainers and who, acting jointly with like officers of other party states, shall have power to formulate rules and regulations to carry out more effectively the terms of the agreement, and shall serve subject to the pleasure of the Governor.

Copies of sections 29-759 to 29-765 shall, upon its approval, be transmitted by the Secretary of State to the Governor of each state, the Attorney General and the administrator of general services of the United States, and the Council of State Governments.

A search warrant authorized by sections 29-812 to 29-821 may be issued by any judge of the county court, district court, Court of Appeals, or Supreme Court for execution anywhere within the State of Nebraska or for service upon any publicly or privately held corporation, partnership, or other legal entity located within or outside the State of Nebraska. A similar search warrant authorized by such sections may be issued, subject to section 24-519, by any clerk magistrate within the county in which the property sought is located.

(1) A warrant may be issued under sections 29-812 to 29-821 to search for and seize any property (a) stolen, embezzled, or obtained under false pretenses in violation of the laws of the State of Nebraska, (b) designed or intended for use or which is or has been used as the means of committing a criminal offense, (c) possessed, controlled, designed, or intended for use or which is or has been possessed, controlled, designed, or used in violation of any law of the State of Nebraska making such possession, control, design, or use, or intent to use, a criminal offense, or (d) which constitutes evidence that a criminal offense has been committed or that a particular person has committed a criminal offense.

(2) Notwithstanding subsection (1) of this section, no warrant shall be issued to search any place or seize anything in the possession, custody, or control of any person engaged in procuring, gathering, writing, editing, or disseminating news or other information for distribution to the public through a medium of communication unless probable cause is shown that such person has committed or is committing a criminal offense. For purposes of this subsection, the terms person, information, and medium of communication shall be defined as provided in section 20-145.

A search warrant may be issued under section 29-814.04 pursuant to written affidavit sworn to before a magistrate, a judge, or any other person authorized to administer oaths under the laws of this state by the person making it. Such affidavit shall particularly describe the persons or places to be searched and the persons or property to be seized. Such affidavit shall set forth the facts and circumstances tending to show that such person or property is in the place, or the property is in the possession of the person, to be searched. Such affidavit may be submitted to the magistrate or judge in person or by facsimile or other electronic means and the warrant may be issued to the affiant in person or by facsimile or other electronic means.

In lieu of, or in addition to, written affidavit, a search warrant may be issued under section 29-814.04 pursuant to an oral statement given in person and under oath to a magistrate or judge. The oral statement shall be taken by means of a voice recording device in the custody of the magistrate or judge. If no voice recording device is available, the statement may be taken stenographically. The magistrate or judge shall direct that the recorded or stenographic statement be transcribed and the magistrate or judge shall certify the accuracy of the transcription. The magistrate or judge shall file with the clerk of the district court of the county in which the property was seized the original of the record and the transcribed statement. Such filing shall be made at the same time the warrant, copy of the return, inventory, and all other papers connected with the warrant are filed pursuant to section 29-816. For purposes of sections 29-814.01 to 29-814.06, an oral statement authorized by this section shall be considered to be an affidavit.

A search warrant may be issued under section 29-814.05 pursuant to a telephonic statement made to a magistrate or judge in accordance with the procedures set forth in this section. Prior to telephonically contacting a magistrate or judge, the law enforcement officer requesting the warrant shall contact the county attorney or a deputy county attorney of the county in which the warrant is to be issued for purposes of explaining the reasons why a search warrant should be issued pursuant to a telephonic statement. If the county attorney or deputy county attorney is satisfied that a warrant is justified, and that circumstances justify its immediate issuance, the county attorney or deputy county attorney shall contact the magistrate or judge and state that he or she is convinced that a warrant should be issued by telephone. The county attorney or deputy county attorney shall provide the magistrate or judge with a telephone number at which the officer requesting the warrant may be contacted. The magistrate or judge shall call the officer at the number provided and shall place the officer under oath and take his or her statement. The statement shall be taken by means of a voice recording device in the custody of the magistrate or judge. The magistrate or judge shall direct that the recorded statement be transcribed and the magistrate or judge shall certify the accuracy of the transcription. The magistrate or judge shall file with the clerk of the district court of the county in which the property was seized the original of the recording and the transcribed statement. Such filing shall be made at the same time the warrant, copy of the return, inventory, and all other papers connected with the warrant are filed pursuant to section 29-816. For purposes of sections 29-814.01 to 29-814.06, a telephonic statement authorized by this section shall be considered to be an affidavit.

If the magistrate or judge is satisfied that probable cause exists for the issuance of a search warrant, as a result of written affidavit or oral statement authorized pursuant to sections 29-814.01 and 29-814.02, the magistrate or judge shall issue the warrant which shall identify the person or place to be searched and the person or property to be seized. The warrant shall be directed to a law enforcement officer of the State of Nebraska or one of its governmental subdivisions, which officer shall be specifically named or described by the title of his or her office in the warrant. The warrant shall state whether the grounds or proper cause of its issuance is a written affidavit, an oral statement, or a combination of both. The warrant shall indicate the name or names of the person or persons whose affidavit or statement has been taken in support thereof. The warrant shall command the officer named in the warrant to search the person or place named for the purpose specified. The warrant shall direct that it be served in the daytime unless the magistrate or judge is satisfied that the public interest requires that it should not be so restricted, in which case the warrant may direct that it may be served at any time. The warrant shall designate the magistrate or judge to whom it shall be returned. For purposes of this section, daytime shall mean the hours from 7 a.m. to 8 p.m. according to local time.

(1) If the magistrate or judge is satisfied that probable cause exists for the issuance of a search warrant, as the result of a telephonic statement taken under section 29-814.03, and if the magistrate or judge is further satisfied that sufficient reason exists to issue such warrant by telephone, the magistrate or judge shall authorize the officer requesting the warrant to complete a duplicate original warrant which shall contain a description of the person or place to be searched, a description of the person or property to be seized, a command to the officer to conduct the search for the purposes specified, the date and time of issuance, a statement that the grounds or proper cause for its issuance is by telephonic statement, the name or names of the person or persons whose statement has been taken in support of the warrant, and the name of the judge to whom it is to be returned. The magistrate or judge shall authorize the officer to sign his or her name to the duplicate original warrant and to also sign the name of the officer thereto. A duplicate original warrant shall be deemed to be a search warrant for purposes of Chapter 29, article 8.

(2) At the time the magistrate or judge authorizes the officer to complete the duplicate original warrant under subsection (1) of this section, the magistrate or judge shall immediately complete and sign the original warrant which shall contain the information which is required for a duplicate original warrant under subsection (1) of this section. The magistrate or judge shall also enter on the face of the original warrant the exact time when the warrant was ordered to be issued.

(3) The duplicate original warrant shall be returned according to section 29-815. Upon the duplicate original warrant being returned, the magistrate or judge shall sign it and shall file it, together with the original warrant, in the same manner as that required under section 29-816.

(4) A search warrant issued pursuant to a telephonic statement shall be invalid unless the duplicate original warrant is signed by the issuing magistrate or judge pursuant to subsection (3) of this section.

(5) A search warrant issued under this section may be executed immediately upon issuance.

If the original of the oral or telephonic statement, taken pursuant to section 29-814.02 or 29-814.03, shall be lost, destroyed, or a critical portion thereof is unintelligible, a search warrant issued pursuant to such oral or telephonic statement shall be deemed to be invalid.

(1) The warrant must be executed and returned within ten days after its date. The officer taking property under the warrant shall give to the person from whom or from whose premises the property was taken a copy of the warrant and a receipt for the property or shall leave the copy and the receipt at the place from which the property was taken. The return shall be made promptly and shall be accompanied by a written inventory of any property taken. The inventory shall be made in the presence of the applicant for the warrant and the person from whose possession or premises the property was taken if they are present, or in the presence of at least one credible witness other than the applicant for the warrant or the person from whose possession or premises the property was taken, and shall be verified by the officer. The judge or magistrate shall deliver a copy of the inventory upon request to the person from whom or from whose premises the property was taken and to the applicant for the warrant.

(2) The return and inventory required by subsection (1) of this section may be submitted to the magistrate or judge in person or by facsimile or other electronic means.

The judge or magistrate who has issued the search warrant shall attach to the warrant a copy of the return, inventory, and all other papers in connection therewith and shall file them with the clerk of the district court for the county in which the property was seized. Copy of such warrant, return, inventory, and all other such papers so filed with such clerk, when certified as a true copy by such clerk shall be received in evidence in all proceedings where relevant without further foundation. The clerk of the district court shall file and index such warrant, together with the return thereon, the inventory, and other papers in connection therewith as a separate criminal proceeding. No fee shall be charged or collected for such service.

Sections 29-812 to 29-821 do not modify any act inconsistent with it relating to search warrants, their issuance, and the execution of search warrants and acts relating to disposition of seized property in circumstances for which special provision is made. The term property is used in sections 29-812 to 29-821 to include documents, books, papers, and any other tangible objects. Nothing in sections 29-812 to 29-821 shall be construed as restricting or in any way affecting the constitutional right of any officer to make reasonable searches and seizures as an incident to a lawful arrest nor to restrict or in any way affect reasonable searches and seizures authorized or consented to by the person being searched or in charge of the premises being searched, or in any other manner or way authorized or permitted to be made under the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of the State of Nebraska.

All search warrants shall be issued with all practicable secrecy and the complaint, affidavit, or testimony upon which it is based shall not be filed with the clerk of the court or made public in any way until the warrant is executed. Whoever discloses, prior to its execution, that a warrant has been applied for or issued, except so far as may be necessary to its execution, shall be guilty of a Class III misdemeanor, or he may be punished as for a criminal contempt of court.

Except for animals as provided in section 28-1012.01, property seized under a search warrant or validly seized without a warrant shall be safely kept by the officer seizing the same, unless otherwise directed by the judge or magistrate, and shall be so kept so long as necessary for the purpose of being produced as evidence in any trial. Property seized may not be taken from the officer having it in custody by replevin or other writ so long as it is or may be required as evidence in any trial, nor may it be so taken in any event where a complaint has been filed in connection with which the property was or may be used as evidence, and the court in which such complaint was filed shall have exclusive jurisdiction for disposition of the property or funds and to determine rights therein, including questions respecting the title, possession, control, and disposition thereof. This section shall not preempt, and shall not be construed to preempt, any ordinance of a city of the metropolitan or primary class.

Where seized property is no longer required as evidence in the prosecution of any complaint or information the court which has jurisdiction of such property may transfer the same to the jurisdiction of any other court, including courts of another state or federal courts, where it is shown to the satisfaction of the court that such property is required as evidence in any prosecution in such other court.

(1) Unless other disposition is specifically provided by law, when property seized or held is no longer required as evidence, it shall be disposed of by the law enforcement agency on such showing as the law enforcement agency may deem adequate, as follows:

(a) Property stolen, embezzled, obtained by false pretenses, or otherwise obtained unlawfully from the rightful owner thereof shall be restored to the owner;

(b) Money shall be restored to the owner unless it was used in unlawful gambling or lotteries or it was used or intended to be used to facilitate a violation of Chapter 28, article 4, in which case the money shall be forfeited and disposed of as required by Article VII, section 7, of the Constitution of Nebraska;

(c) Property which is unclaimed or the ownership of which is unknown shall be sold at a public auction held by the officer having custody thereof and the net proceeds disposed of as provided in subdivision (b) of this subsection, as shall any money which is unclaimed or the ownership of which is unknown;

(d) Except as provided in subsection (2) of this section, articles of contraband shall be destroyed;

(e) Firearms, ammunition, explosives, bombs, and like devices which have been used in the commission of crime shall be destroyed; and

(f) Firearms which have come into the law enforcement agency's possession through a seizure or otherwise and (i) have not been used in the commission of crime, (ii) have not been defaced or altered in any manner that violates any state or federal law, (iii) may have a lawful use and be lawfully possessed, and (iv) are not subject to section 29-440 shall be restored to the owner.

(2) When the following property is seized or held and is no longer required as evidence, such property shall be disposed of on order of the court as the court may deem adequate:

Goods which are declared to be contraband but may reasonably be returned to a condition or state in which such goods may be lawfully used, possessed, or distributed by the public.

(3) When any animal as defined by section 28-1008 is seized or held and is no longer required as evidence, such animal may be disposed of in such manner as the court may direct. The court may consider adoption alternatives through humane societies or comparable institutions and the protection of such animal's welfare. For a humane society or comparable institution to be considered as an adoption alternative under this subsection, it must first be licensed by the Department of Agriculture as having passed the inspection requirements in the Commercial Dog and Cat Operator Inspection Act and paid the fee for inspection under the act. The court may prohibit an adopting or purchasing party from selling such animal for a period not to exceed one year.

(4) Unless otherwise provided by law, all other property shall be disposed of in such manner as the court in its sound discretion shall direct.

The provisions of sections 29-812 to 29-821 relating to the disposition of seized property shall not be exclusive, but shall be supplemental to other laws on the subject.

Any person aggrieved by an unlawful search and seizure may move for return of the property so seized and to suppress its use as evidence. The motion shall be filed in the district court where a felony is charged and may be made at any time after the information or indictment is filed, and must be filed at least ten days before trial or at the time of arraignment, whichever is the later, unless otherwise permitted by the court for good cause shown. Where the charge is other than a felony, the motion shall be filed in the court where the complaint is pending, and must be filed at least ten days before trial or at the time of the plea to the complaint, whichever is the later, unless otherwise permitted by the court for good cause shown. Unless claims of unlawful search and seizure are raised by motion before trial as herein provided, all objections to use of the property as evidence on the ground that it was obtained by an unlawful search and seizure shall be deemed waived; Provided, that the court may entertain such motions to suppress after the commencement of trial where the defendant is surprised by the possession of such evidence by the state, and also may in its discretion then entertain the motion where the defendant was not aware of the grounds for the motion before commencement of the trial. In the event that the trial court entertains any such motion after the commencement of trial, the defendant shall be deemed to have waived any jeopardy which may have attached.

Issues of fact arising on motions to suppress shall be tried by the court without a jury, in a summary manner, on affidavits or otherwise, as the court may direct. No evidence shall be suppressed because of technical irregularities not affecting the substantial rights of the accused.

(1) In addition to any other right to appeal, the state shall have the right to appeal from an order granting a motion for the return of seized property and to suppress evidence in the manner provided in sections 29-824 to 29-826.

(2) If such motion has been granted in district court, the Attorney General or the county attorney or prosecuting attorney with the consent of the Attorney General may file his or her application with the Clerk of the Supreme Court asking for a summary review of the order granting the motion. The review shall be made by a judge of the Court of Appeals at chambers upon such notice, briefs, and argument as the judge directs, after which such judge shall enter his or her order affirming, reversing, or modifying the order submitted for review, and upon any trial on the general issue thereafter the parties and the trial court shall be bound by such order. Upon conviction after trial the defendant may on appeal challenge the correctness of the order by the judge.

(3) If such motion has been granted in the county court, the Attorney General or the county attorney or prosecuting attorney may file his or her application with the clerk of the district court in the district in which the motion has been granted asking for a summary review of the order granting the motion. The review shall be made by a judge of the district court upon such notice, briefs, and arguments as the judge directs, after which such judge shall enter his or her order affirming, reversing, or modifying the order submitted for review, and upon any trial on the general issue thereafter the parties and the trial court shall be bound by such order. Upon conviction after trial the defendant may on appeal challenge the correctness of the order by the judge.

The application for review provided in section 29-824 shall be accompanied by a copy of the order of the trial court granting the motion to suppress and a bill of exceptions containing all of the evidence, including affidavits, considered by the trial court in its ruling on the motion, and so certified by the trial court. The application shall be filed with the Clerk of the Supreme Court, if the trial court is the district court, or with the clerk of the district court, if the trial court is the county court, within such time as may be ordered by the trial court, which in fixing such time shall take into consideration the length of time required to prepare the bill of exceptions, and shall also consider whether the defendant is in jail or whether he or she is on bail, but in no event shall more than thirty days be given in which to file such application.

In making an order granting a motion to suppress and to return property, the trial court shall in such order fix a time, not exceeding ten days, in which the county attorney or other prosecuting attorney may file a notice with the clerk of such court of his or her intention to seek a review of the order. Upon the filing of such notice the trial court shall fix the time in which the application for review shall be filed with the appellate court, and shall make an appropriate order for custody of the property pending completion of the review.

Where the circumstances reasonably indicate to an officer of the law that a search of an individual for weapons is indicated in order to protect the life of such officer such search for weapons may lawfully be made.

A peace officer may stop any person in a public place whom he reasonably suspects of committing, who has committed, or who is about to commit a crime and may demand of him his name, address and an explanation of his actions. When a peace officer has stopped a person for questioning pursuant to this section and reasonably suspects he is in danger of life or limb, he may search such person for a dangerous weapon. If the peace officer finds such a weapon or any other thing the possession of which may constitute a crime, he may take and keep it until the completion of questioning, at which time he shall either return it, if lawfully possessed, or arrest such person. For purposes of this section, peace officer shall include credentialed conservation officers of the Game and Parks Commission.

An inspection warrant is an order in writing in the name of the people, signed by a judge of a court of record, directed to a peace officer as defined in section 29-831, and commanding him to conduct any inspection required or authorized by state or local law or regulation relating to health, welfare, fire or safety.

As used in sections 29-830 to 29-835, unless the context otherwise requires:

All state, county, city and village officers and their agents and employees, charged by statute or municipal ordinance with powers or duties involving inspection of real or personal property, building premises and contents, including but not limited by enumeration to housing, electrical, plumbing, heating, gas, fire, health, food, zoning, pollution, water, and weights and measures inspections, shall be peace officers for the purpose of applying for, obtaining and executing inspection warrants.

Inspection warrants shall be issued only upon showing that consent to entry for inspection purposes has been refused. In emergency situations neither consent nor a warrant shall be required.

An inspection warrant shall be issued only by a judge of a court of record upon reasonable cause, supported by affidavit describing the place and purpose of inspection. The judge may examine the applicant and other witnesses, on oath, to determine sufficient cause for inspection.

All general laws pertaining to search warrants, including but not limited to the filing costs involved and the conditions and time for return, shall be applicable to inspection warrants, unless in conflict with sections 29-830 to 29-833.

Any person who willfully refuses to permit, interferes with, or prevents any inspection authorized by inspection warrant shall be guilty of a Class III misdemeanor.

(1) Except as provided in subsection (2) of this section, any bailable defendant shall be ordered released from custody pending judgment on his or her personal recognizance unless the judge determines in the exercise of his or her discretion that such a release will not reasonably assure the appearance of the defendant as required or that such a release could jeopardize the safety and maintenance of evidence or the safety of victims, witnesses, or other persons in the community.

(2)(a) This subsection applies to any bailable defendant who is charged with one or more Class IIIA, IV, or V misdemeanors or violations of city or county ordinances, except when:

(i) The victim is an intimate partner as defined in section 28-323; or

(ii) The defendant is charged with one or more violations of section 60-6,196 or 60-6,197 or city or village ordinances enacted in conformance with section 60-6,196 or 60-6,197.

(b) Any bailable defendant described in this subsection shall be ordered released from custody pending judgment on his or her personal recognizance or under other conditions of release, other than payment of a bond, unless:

(i) The defendant has previously failed to appear in the instant case or any other case in the previous six months;

(ii) The judge determines in the exercise of his or her discretion that such a release will not reasonably assure the appearance of the defendant as required or that such a release could jeopardize the safety and maintenance of evidence or the safety of the defendant, victims, witnesses, or other persons; and

(iii) The defendant was arrested pursuant to a warrant.

(3) The court shall consider all methods of bond and conditions of release to avoid pretrial incarceration. If the judge determines that the defendant shall not be released on his or her personal recognizance, the judge shall consider the defendant's financial ability to pay a bond and shall impose the least onerous of the following conditions that will reasonably assure the defendant's appearance or that will eliminate or minimize the risk of harm to others or the public at large:

(a) Place the defendant in the custody of a designated person or organization agreeing to supervise the defendant;

(b) Place restrictions on the travel, association, or place of abode of the defendant during the period of such release; or

(c) Require, at the option of any bailable defendant, either of the following:

(i) The execution of an appearance bond in a specified amount and the deposit with the clerk of the court in cash of a sum not to exceed ten percent of the amount of the bond, ninety percent of such deposit to be returned to the defendant upon the performance of the appearance or appearances and ten percent to be retained by the clerk as appearance bond costs, except that when no charge is subsequently filed against the defendant or if the charge or charges which are filed are dropped before the appearance of the defendant which the bond was to assure, the entire deposit shall be returned to the defendant. If the bond is subsequently reduced by the court after the original bond has been posted, no additional appearance bond costs shall be retained by the clerk. The difference in the appearance bond costs between the original bond and the reduced bond shall be returned to the defendant. In no event shall the deposit be less than twenty-five dollars. Whenever jurisdiction is transferred from a court requiring an appearance bond under this subdivision to another state court, the transferring court shall transfer the ninety percent of the deposit remaining after the appearance bond costs have been retained. No further costs shall be levied or collected by the court acquiring jurisdiction; or

(ii) The execution of a bail bond with such surety or sureties as shall seem proper to the judge or, in lieu of such surety or sureties, at the option of such person, a cash deposit of such sum so fixed, conditioned for his or her appearance before the proper court, to answer the offense with which he or she may be charged and to appear at such times thereafter as may be ordered by the proper court. The cash deposit shall be returned to the defendant upon the performance of all appearances.

(4) If the court requires the defendant to execute an appearance bond requiring the defendant to post money or requires the defendant to execute a bail bond, the court shall appoint counsel for the defendant if the court finds the defendant is financially unable to pay the amount required and is indigent.

(5) If the amount of bail is deemed insufficient by the court before which the offense is pending, the court may order an increase of such bail and the defendant shall provide the additional undertaking, written or cash, to secure his or her release. All recognizances in criminal cases shall be in writing and be continuous from term to term until final judgment of the court in such cases and shall also extend, when the court has suspended execution of sentence for a limited time, as provided in section 29-2202, or, when the court has suspended execution of sentence to enable the defendant to apply for a writ of error to the Supreme Court or Court of Appeals, as provided in section 29-2301, until the period of suspension has expired. When two or more indictments or informations are returned against the same person at the same term of court, the recognizance given may be made to include all offenses charged therein. Each surety on such recognizance shall be required to justify under oath in a sum twice the amount of such recognizance and give the description of real estate owned by him or her of a value above encumbrance equal to the amount of such justification and shall name all other cases pending in which he or she is a surety. No one shall be accepted as surety on recognizance aggregating a sum in excess of his or her equity in the real estate, but such recognizance shall not constitute a lien on the real estate described therein until judgment is entered thereon against such surety.

(6) In order to assure compliance with the conditions of release referred to in subsection (3) of this section, the court may order a defendant to be supervised by a person, an organization, or a pretrial services program approved by the county board. A court shall waive any fees or costs associated with the conditions of release or supervision if the court finds the defendant is unable to pay for such costs. Eligibility for release or supervision by such pretrial release program shall under no circumstances be conditioned upon the defendant's ability to pay. While under supervision of an approved entity, and in addition to the conditions of release referred to in subsection (3) of this section, the court may impose the following conditions:

(a) Periodic telephone contact by the defendant with the organization or pretrial services program;

(b) Periodic office visits by the defendant to the organization or pretrial services program;

(c) Periodic visits to the defendant's home by the organization or pretrial services program;

(d) Mental health or substance abuse treatment for the defendant, including residential treatment, if the defendant consents or agrees to the treatment;

(e) Periodic alcohol or drug testing of the defendant;

(f) Domestic violence counseling for the defendant, if the defendant consents or agrees to the counseling;

(g) Electronic or global-positioning monitoring of the defendant;

(h) Participation in a 24/7 sobriety program under the 24/7 Sobriety Program Act; and

(i) Any other supervision techniques shown by research to increase court appearance and public safety rates for defendants released on bond.

(7) The incriminating results of any drug or alcohol test or any information learned by a representative of an organization or program shall not be admissible in any proceeding, except for a proceeding relating to revocation or amendment of conditions of bond release.

In determining which condition or conditions of release shall reasonably assure appearance and deter possible threats to the safety and maintenance of evidence or the safety of victims, witnesses, or other persons in the community, the judge shall, on the basis of available information, consider the defendant’s financial ability to pay in setting the amount of bond. The judge may also take into account the nature and circumstances of the offense charged, including any information to indicate that the defendant might engage in additional criminal activity or pose a threat to himself or herself, yet to be collected evidence, alleged victims, potential witnesses, or members of the general public, the defendant's family ties, employment, the length of the defendant's residence in the community, the defendant's record of criminal convictions, and the defendant's record of appearances at court proceedings or of flight to avoid prosecution or of failure to appear at court proceedings.

Any judge who shall authorize the release of a defendant under section 29-901 shall issue a written order containing a statement of the condition or conditions imposed, shall inform the defendant of the penalties for violating any of the conditions of such release, and shall advise the defendant that a warrant for his arrest shall be issued immediately upon such violation.

When a defendant first appears before a judge pursuant to section 29-901, he shall be advised of his right to obtain review of the conditions of release imposed if he is unable to fulfill such conditions and remains in custody for more than twenty-four hours thereafter. Any defendant who shall remain in custody for more than twenty-four hours after a judge other than a district court judge imposes bail or any other condition of release, as a result of his inability to fulfill such condition or conditions, may request a review by the judge who imposed the conditions and, upon such request, the defendant shall be brought before the judge at the first regular court day. If the defendant is indigent and unable to retain legal counsel, the judge shall appoint an attorney to represent the defendant for the purpose of such review. Unless the conditions of release are amended and the defendant is thereupon released, the judge shall set forth in writing the reasons for requiring such condition or conditions. Any defendant who shall be ordered released by a judge other than a district court judge on a condition which requires that he return to custody after specified hours shall, upon application, be entitled to a review by the judge who imposed the condition in the same manner as a defendant who remains in full-time custody. In the event that the judge who imposed the condition or conditions of release is not available, any other judge in the district or of the same court may review such conditions.

Any judge who shall order the release of a defendant on any condition specified in section 29-901 may at any time amend his order to impose additional or different conditions of release, but if the imposition of different or additional conditions results in the detention of the defendant as a result of his inability to meet such conditions, the provisions of section 29-901.03 shall apply.

(1) It shall be the duty of the judges of the county court in each county to prepare and adopt, by a majority vote, a schedule of bail for all misdemeanor offenses and such other offenses as the judges deem necessary. It shall contain a list of such offenses and the amounts of bail applicable thereto as the judges determine to be appropriate. If the schedule does not list all misdemeanor and other offenses specifically, it shall contain a general clause for misdemeanors and a separate one for any other offenses providing for designated amounts of bail as the judges of the county determine to be appropriate for all such offenses. The schedule of bail may be revised from time to time by the judges of the county, and the presiding county court judge at each county seat shall call not more than two meetings nor less than one meeting each year of all judges of the county court in the county for the purpose of establishing or revising a countywide uniform bail schedule. A copy of the schedule shall be sent to the officer in charge of the county jail and to the officer in charge of each city jail within the county.

(2) When bail has been set by a judge for a particular offense or offender, any sheriff or other peace officer may take bail in accordance with the provisions of section 29-901 and release the offender to appear in accordance with the conditions of the bail bond, the notice to appear, or the summons. Such officer shall give a receipt to the offender for the bail so taken and within a reasonable time deposit such bail with the clerk of the court having jurisdiction of the offense.

When a bailable defendant appears at any judicial proceeding in which such defendant's bail is being considered, the judge at such proceeding shall inform the defendant of the condition or conditions imposed on his release, the penalties for violating any of the conditions of such release, and any options or alternatives available to such defendant.

For taking such bail, the judge may, by his special warrant under his hand and seal, require the sheriff or jailer to bring such accused before him at the courthouse of the proper county at such time as in such warrant the judge may direct.

(1) The presiding judge of the county court in each county having a population of four hundred thousand or more inhabitants as determined by the most recent federal decennial census shall, as often as is necessary, meet and designate on a schedule not less than one judge of the county court to be reasonably available on call for the setting of orders for discharge from actual custody upon bail, the issuance of search warrants, and for such other matters as may be deemed appropriate, at all times when a court is not in session in the county.

(2) The officer in charge of a jail, or a person such officer designates, in which an arrested person is held in custody shall assist the arrested person or such person's attorney in contacting the judge on call as soon as possible for the purpose of obtaining release on bail.

In fixing the amount of bail, the judge admitting to the same shall be governed in the amount and quality of bail required by the direction of the district court in all cases where such court shall have made any order or direction in that behalf. In the event that the district court shall designate an official pretrial release agency for the district, the judge may give consideration to a report and recommendation of such agency and in the event that such agency should recommend the release of the prisoner on his own recognizance, the court may order release of such prisoner without the necessity of posting a cash deposit or requiring the sureties set out in section 29-901.

In all cases when a judge or examining court shall recognize a prisoner under the provisions of the three sections 29-901, 29-902, and 29-903, he shall forthwith deposit with the clerk of the proper court the recognizance so taken, and also a warrant directed to the jailer requiring him to discharge the prisoner.

When any person, who is surety in a recognizance for the appearance of any defendant before any court in this state, desires to surrender the defendant, he shall, by delivering the defendant in open court, be discharged from any further responsibility on such recognizance; and the defendant shall be committed by the court to the jail of the county, unless he shall give a new recognizance, with good and sufficient sureties in such amount as the court may determine, conditioned as the original recognizance.

In all cases of bail for the appearance of any person or persons charged with any criminal offense, the surety or sureties of such person or persons may, at any time before judgment is rendered against him or them, seize and surrender such person or persons charged as aforesaid to the sheriff of the county wherein the recognizance shall be taken.

It shall be the duty of such sheriff, on such surrender and the delivery to him of a certified copy of the recognizance by which such surety or sureties are bound, to take such person or persons so charged as aforesaid into custody, and by writing acknowledge such surrender, and thereupon the surety or sureties shall be discharged from any such recognizance, upon payment of all costs occasioned thereby.

Whoever is charged with a felony and is released from custody under bail, recognizance, or a conditioned release and willfully fails to appear before the court granting such release when legally required or to surrender himself within three days thereafter, shall be guilty of a Class IV felony, in addition to any other penalties or forfeitures provided by law.

Whoever is charged with a misdemeanor or violation of city or village ordinance, conviction of which would carry a jail sentence of more than ninety days, who is released from custody under bail or recognizance or conditioned release and who willfully fails to appear before the court granting such release when legally required to surrender himself or within three days thereafter, shall be guilty of a Class II misdemeanor, in addition to any other penalties or forfeitures provided by law.

The district courts of this state are authorized to designate an official pretrial release agency for a district, or for any county within a district, whenever the court is satisfied that such agency can render competent and effective assistance to the court in making its determination of the terms and conditions under which any court should release a prisoner from jail prior to trial. When such a pretrial release agency has been designated, the judge of any court within the district or county in which such agency has been authorized to operate may give consideration to a report and recommendation of such agency and in the event that such agency should recommend the release of the prisoner on his own recognizance, the court may order the release of the prisoner without the necessity of posting a cash deposit or requiring any surety set out in section 29-901. Nothing in this section shall restrict any court from releasing a prisoner on his own recognizance, whether or not he has received a report or recommendation from a pretrial release agency, if the judge determines that such type of release would adequately serve the ends of justice.

In the event the district court shall designate an official pretrial release agency, an order designating such agency shall be filed with the clerk of each district court in such district and shall affect all courts within such district. The order shall set out the name of the agency, its sponsoring agencies, if any, and the terms and conditions under which such agency shall operate.

Whenever it shall be lawful and necessary to confine any prisoner in custody previous to conviction upon a criminal accusation, or in custody for contempt or alleged contempt of court, or upon an attachment by order of a court or judge, or otherwise in lawful custody, or upon conviction for any offense, the officer or person having him in such custody may convey him to and confine him in the jail of any county in this state, or other secure and convenient place of confinement in this state, to be procured by such officer or person having such prisoner in custody.

A defendant charged with any offense or offenses shall not be held in custody awaiting trial on such offense or offenses for a period of time longer than the maximum possible sentence of imprisonment authorized for such offense or offenses. On the next judicial day after expiration of such deadline, the defendant shall be released on such defendant's personal recognizance, subject to conditions of release the court may impose after a hearing.

No action brought on any recognizance shall be barred or defeated, nor shall judgment thereon be reversed by reason of any neglect or omission to note or record the default, nor by reason of any defect in the form of the recognizance if it sufficiently appears from the tenor thereof at what court the party or witness was bound to appear and that the court or officer before whom it was taken was authorized by law to require and take such recognizance.

When there is a breach of condition of a recognizance, the court shall declare a forfeiture of the bail.

The court may direct that a forfeiture of the recognizance be set aside, upon such conditions as the court may impose, if it appears that justice does not require the enforcement of the forfeiture.

When a forfeiture of a recognizance has not been set aside, the court in which the proceeding is pending shall on motion enter a judgment of default and execution may issue thereon. Where a cash deposit has been made in lieu of a surety or sureties as provided in section 29-901, the cash deposit shall upon forfeiture of the recognizance be paid into the county treasury upon the entry of order of forfeiture of the bond after first deducting all court costs due and owing such court. By entering into a bond, the obligors submit to the jurisdiction of the court, and irrevocably appoint the clerk of the court as their agent upon whom any papers affecting their liability may be served. The liability upon the bond may be enforced on motion without the necessity of an independent action. The motion and such notice of the motion as the court prescribes may be served on the clerk of the court, who shall forthwith mail copies thereof to the obligors to their last-known addresses.

After entry of such judgment on the recognizance, the court may remit it in whole or in part under the conditions applying to the setting aside of forfeiture as provided in section 29-1107.

When the conditions of the recognizance have been satisfied or the forfeiture thereof has been set aside or remitted, the court shall exonerate the obligors and release any bail. A surety may be exonerated by a deposit of cash in the amount of the recognizance or by a timely surrender of the defendant into custody.

Any person held in jail charged with an indictable offense shall be discharged if he or she is not indicted at the term of court at which he or she is held to answer, unless such person is committed to jail on such charge after the rising and final report of the grand jury for that term, in which case the court may discharge such person, or require such person to enter into recognizance with sufficient security for his or her appearance before such court to answer such charge at the next term. However, such person so held in jail without indictment shall not be discharged if it appears to the satisfaction of the court that the witnesses on the part of the state have been enticed or kept away or are detained and prevented from attending court by sickness or some inevitable accident.

To effectuate the right of the accused to a speedy trial and the interest of the public in prompt disposition of criminal cases, insofar as is practicable:

(1) The trial of criminal cases shall be given preference over civil cases; and

(2) The trial of defendants in custody and defendants whose pretrial liberty is reasonably believed to present unusual risks shall be given preference over other criminal cases. It shall be the duty of the county attorney to bring to the attention of the trial court any cases falling within this subdivision, and he shall generally advise the court of facts relevant in determining the order of cases to be tried.

Applications for continuances shall be made in accordance with section 25-1148, but in criminal cases in the district court the court shall grant a continuance only upon a showing of good cause and only for so long as is necessary, taking into account not only the request or consent of the prosecution or defense, but also the public interest in prompt disposition of the case.

(1) Every person indicted or informed against for any offense shall be brought to trial within six months, and such time shall be computed as provided in this section.

(2) Such six-month period shall commence to run from the date the indictment is returned or the information filed, unless the offense is a misdemeanor offense involving intimate partners, as that term is defined in section 28-323, in which case the six-month period shall commence from the date the defendant is arrested on a complaint filed as part of a warrant for arrest.

(3) If a defendant is to be tried again following a mistrial, an order for a new trial, or an appeal or collateral attack, such period shall commence to run from the date of the mistrial, order granting a new trial, or the mandate on remand.

(4) The following periods shall be excluded in computing the time for trial:

(a) The period of delay resulting from other proceedings concerning the defendant, including, but not limited to, an examination and hearing on competency and the period during which he or she is incompetent to stand trial; the time from filing until final disposition of pretrial motions of the defendant, including motions to suppress evidence, motions to quash the indictment or information, demurrers and pleas in abatement, and motions for a change of venue; and the time consumed in the trial of other charges against the defendant;

(b) The period of delay resulting from a continuance granted at the request or with the consent of the defendant or his or her counsel. A defendant without counsel shall not be deemed to have consented to a continuance unless he or she has been advised by the court of his or her right to a speedy trial and the effect of his or her consent. A defendant who has sought and obtained a continuance which is indefinite has an affirmative duty to end the continuance by giving notice of request for trial or the court can end the continuance by setting a trial date. When the court ends an indefinite continuance by setting a trial date, the excludable period resulting from the indefinite continuance ends on the date for which trial commences. A defendant is deemed to have waived his or her right to speedy trial when the period of delay resulting from a continuance granted at the request of the defendant or his or her counsel extends the trial date beyond the statutory six-month period;

(c) The period of delay resulting from a continuance granted at the request of the prosecuting attorney, if:

(i) The continuance is granted because of the unavailability of evidence material to the state's case, when the prosecuting attorney has exercised due diligence to obtain such evidence and there are reasonable grounds to believe that such evidence will be available at the later date; or

(ii) The continuance is granted to allow the prosecuting attorney additional time to prepare the state's case and additional time is justified because of the exceptional circumstances of the case;

(d) The period of delay resulting from the absence or unavailability of the defendant;

(e) A reasonable period of delay when the defendant is joined for trial with a codefendant as to whom the time for trial has not run and there is good cause for not granting a severance. In all other cases, the defendant shall be granted a severance so that he or she may be tried within the time limits applicable to him or her; and

(f) Other periods of delay not specifically enumerated in this section, but only if the court finds that they are for good cause.

If a defendant is not brought to trial before the running of the time for trial as provided for in section 29-1207, as extended by excluded periods, he or she shall be entitled to his or her absolute discharge from the offense charged and for any other offense required by law to be joined with that offense.

Failure of the defendant to move for discharge prior to trial or entry of a plea of guilty or nolo contendere shall constitute a waiver of the right to speedy trial.

All criminal cases shall be tried in the county where the offense was committed, except as otherwise provided in section 25-412.03 or sections 29-1301.01 to 29-1301.04, or unless it shall appear to the court by affidavits that a fair and impartial trial cannot be had therein. In such case the court, upon motion of the defendant, shall transfer the proceeding to any other district or county in the state as determined by the court.

If any person shall commit an offense against the person of another, such accused person may be tried in the county in which the offense is committed, or in any county into or out of which the person upon whom the offense was committed may, in the prosecution of the offense, have been brought, or in which an act is done by the accused in instigating, procuring, promoting, or aiding in the commission of the offense, or in aiding, abetting, or procuring another to commit such offense.

When an offense is committed in this state, on board a vessel navigating a river, bay, slough, lake, or canal, or lying therein, in the prosecution of its voyage, or on a railroad train, or car, motor vehicle, common carrier transporting passengers, or on an aircraft prosecuting its trip, the accused may be tried in any county through, on, or over which the vessel, train, car, motor vehicle, common carrier, or aircraft passes in the course of its voyage or trip, or in the county in which the voyage or trip terminates.

Where an offense is within the jurisdiction of two or more counties, a conviction or acquittal thereof in one county is a bar to a prosecution or indictment therefor in another.

(1) If a person uses an electronic communication device to commit any element of an offense, such person may be tried in the county where the electronic communication was initiated or where the electronic communication was received.

(2) For purposes of this section:

(a) Electronic communication has the same meaning as in section 28-1310; and

(b) Electronic communication device has the same meaning as in section 28-833.

When the venue is changed, the clerk of the court in which the indictment was found shall file a certification of the case file and costs, which together with the original indictment, shall be transmitted to the clerk of the court to which the venue is changed, and the trial shall be conducted in all respects as if the offender had been indicted in the county to which the venue has been changed. All costs, fees, charges, and expenses accruing from a change of venue, together with all costs, fees, charges, and expenses made or incurred in the trial of, or in keeping, guarding, and maintaining the accused shall be paid by the county in which the indictment was found. The clerk of the trial court shall make a statement of such costs, fees, charges, and expenses and certify and transmit the same to the clerk of the district court where the indictment was found, to be entered upon the register of actions and collected and paid as if a change of venue had not been had.

When a court has ordered a change of venue, a warrant shall be issued by the clerk, directed to the sheriff, commanding him safely to convey the prisoner to the jail of the county where he is to be tried, there to be safely kept by the jailer thereof until discharged by due course of law.

When a change of venue is allowed, the court shall recognize the witnesses on the part of the state to appear before the court in which the prisoner is to be tried.

When an offense shall be committed on a county line, the trial may be in either county divided by such line; and where any offense shall be committed against the person of another, and the person committing the offense shall be in one county, and the person receiving the injury shall be in another county, the trial may be had in either of such counties.

If any person shall give any mortal blow or administer any poison to another, in any county within this state, with intent to kill, and the party so stricken or poisoned thereof shall die in any other county or state, the person giving such mortal blow or administering such poison may be tried and convicted of murder or manslaughter, as the case may be, in the county where such mortal blow was given or poison administered.

Whenever any person shall be liable to prosecution as the receiver of any personal property that shall have been feloniously stolen, taken or embezzled, he may be indicted in any county where he received or had such property, notwithstanding the theft was committed in another county.

(1) The district courts are hereby vested with power to call grand juries.

(2) A grand jury may be called and summoned in the manner provided by law on such day of a regular term of the district court in each year in each county of the state as the district court may direct and at such other times and upon such notice as the district court may deem necessary.

(3) District courts shall call a grand jury in each case that a petition meets the requirements of section 32-628, includes a recital as to the reason for requesting the convening of the grand jury and a specific reference to the statute or statutes which are alleged to have been violated, and is signed not more than ninety days prior to the date of filing under section 29-1401.02 by not less than ten percent of the registered voters of the county who cast votes for the office of Governor in such county at the most recent general election held for such office.

(4) District courts shall call a grand jury in each case upon certification by the county coroner or coroner's physician that a person has died while being apprehended by or while in the custody of a law enforcement officer or detention personnel. In each case subject to this subsection:

(a) Law enforcement personnel from the jurisdiction in which the death occurred shall immediately secure the scene, preserve all evidence, and investigate the matter as in any other homicide. The case shall be treated as an open, ongoing matter until all evidence, reports, and other relevant material which has been assembled are transferred to a prosecuting attorney selected pursuant to subdivision (b) of this subsection;

(b) The county attorney or a member of his or her staff shall be the prosecuting attorney. Except as provided in subdivision (d) of this subsection, the prosecuting attorney shall, as soon as practicable, select a team of three peace officers trained to investigate homicides. At least two of such investigators shall be from agencies other than the agency under which the death occurred. The team shall examine all evidence concerning the cause of death and present the findings of its investigation to the prosecuting attorney;

(c) A grand jury shall be impaneled within thirty days after the certification by the county coroner or coroner's physician, unless the court extends such time period upon the showing of a compelling reason; and

(d) In those cases in which the death has been certified by a licensed practicing physician to be from natural causes, the county attorney or a member of his or her staff may present such finding to a grand jury without selecting a three-member team of peace officers to investigate.

The procedure for calling a grand jury by petition of the registered voters of the county shall be as follows:

(1) The petitions shall be filed in the office of the clerk of the district court, comply with the requirements in section 29-1401, and be filed without a filing fee;

(2) Upon receipt of such petitions, the clerk of the district court shall forthwith certify the petitions so filed to the county clerk or election commissioner in the county in which the signers of such petitions are registered to vote and shall request that the signatures on such petitions be validated according to the list of registered voters;

(3) The county clerk or election commissioner shall, within thirty days after receipt of such petitions, determine the number of valid signatures appearing on such petitions and certify the findings along with the total vote cast for Governor at the most recent election for such office in such county to the presiding judge of the district court in which the petitions were filed;

(4) The presiding judge of the district court shall, upon receipt of the certificate from the county clerk or election commissioner, examine the petitions and within fifteen days after the receipt thereof shall determine: (a) Whether the requisite number of valid signatures appear on such petitions; and (b) whether the formal requirements as to the form of the petition have been satisfied;

(5) The determination of sufficiency of the petitions by the presiding judge shall be based solely upon the certification of valid signatures by the county clerk or election commissioner and upon the presiding judge's personal examination of the form of the petitions. No additional evidence shall be considered by the presiding judge in making the determination of sufficiency and under no circumstances shall any petitioner be required to testify or otherwise present evidence relating to allegations contained in the petitions;

(6) Upon a determination that the requisite number of valid signatures appeared on the petitions and that the petitions otherwise were sufficient as to form, the presiding judge shall call a grand jury forthwith;

(7) If the presiding judge of the district court fails to make a determination as to the sufficiency of the petitions and fails to call a grand jury within fifteen days after the date of delivery of the petitions to the presiding judge, the clerk of the district court shall immediately call a grand jury pursuant to law, notwithstanding the fact that the presiding judge of the district court failed to determine sufficiency of the petitions and did not call the grand jury; and

(8) If the presiding judge or clerk of the district court fails to call a grand jury, the petitioners may file an immediate request with the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, or in his or her absence, with any judge thereof, and request that the Chief Justice or judge review the petitions and certifications and call a grand jury. If the Chief Justice or judge of the Supreme Court determines sufficiency of the petitions according to law, the Chief Justice or judge shall order the clerk of the district court to call a grand jury.

The convening of a grand jury shall in no way limit the right of prosecution on information or complaint during the time the grand jury is in session.

When the grand jury shall be impaneled the court shall appoint one of the number foreman.

(1) Except as provided in subsection (2) of this section, when the foreperson shall be appointed, an oath or affirmation shall be administered to him or her in the following words: Saving yourself and fellow jurors, you, as foreperson of this grand inquest, shall diligently inquire and true presentment make, of all such matters and things as shall be given you in charge or otherwise come to your knowledge, touching the present service. The counsel of the state, your own and your fellows, you shall keep secret, unless called on in a court of justice to make disclosures. You shall present no person through malice, hatred, or ill will, nor shall you leave any person unpresented through fear, favor, or affection, or for any reward or hope thereof; but in all your presentments you shall present the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, according to the best of your skill and understanding.

(2) For grand juries impaneled pursuant to subsection (4) of section 29-1401, when the foreperson shall be appointed, an oath or affirmation shall be administered to him or her in the following words: Saving yourself and fellow jurors, you, as foreperson of this grand inquest, shall diligently inquire and true presentment make, of all such matters and things as shall be given you in charge or otherwise come to your knowledge, touching the present service. The counsel of the state, your own and your fellows, you shall keep secret during the course of the impaneled grand jury's investigation and deliberations, unless called on in a court of justice to make disclosures. You shall present no person through malice, hatred, or ill will, nor shall you leave any person unpresented through fear, favor, or affection, or for any reward or hope thereof; but in all your presentments you shall present the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, according to the best of your skill and understanding.

Thereupon the following oath or affirmation shall be administered to the other grand jurors: The same oath which A. B., your foreman, hath now taken before you on his part, you, and each of you, shall well and truly observe and keep on your respective parts.

(1) The grand jury, after being sworn, shall be charged as to their duty by the judge, who shall call their attention particularly to the obligation of secrecy which their oaths impose, and to such offenses as he or she is by law required to specially charge.

(2) Upon impanelment of each grand jury, the court shall give to such grand jury adequate and reasonable written notice of and shall assure that the grand jury reasonably understands the nature of:

(a) Its duty to inquire into offenses against the criminal laws of the State of Nebraska alleged to have been committed or, in the case of a grand jury impaneled pursuant to subsection (4) of section 29-1401, its duty to inquire into offenses against the criminal laws of the State of Nebraska regarding the death of a person who has died while being apprehended or while in the custody of a law enforcement officer or detention personnel;

(b) Its right to call and interrogate witnesses;

(c) Its right to request the production of documents or other evidence;

(d) The subject matter of the investigation and the criminal statutes or other statutes involved, if these are known at the time the grand jury is impaneled;

(e) The duty of the grand jury by an affirmative vote of twelve or more members of the grand jury to determine, based on the evidence presented before it, whether or not there is probable cause for finding indictments and to determine the violations to be included in any such indictments;

(f) The requirement that the grand jury may not return an indictment in cases of perjury unless at least two witnesses to the same fact present evidence establishing probable cause to return such an indictment; and

(g) In the case of a grand jury impaneled pursuant to subsection (4) of section 29-1401, if the grand jury returns a no true bill:

(i) The grand jury shall create a grand jury report with the assistance of the prosecuting attorney. The grand jury report shall briefly provide an explanation of the grand jury's findings and any recommendations the grand jury determines to be appropriate based upon the grand jury's investigation and deliberations; and

(ii) The no true bill and the grand jury report shall be filed with the court, where they shall be available for public review, along with the grand jury transcript provided for in subsection (3) of section 29-1407.01.

After the charge of the court, the grand jury shall retire with the officer appointed to attend to them, and shall proceed to inquire of and present all offenses whatever committed within the limits of the county in and for which they were impaneled and sworn or affirmed.

(1) A certified or authorized reporter shall be present at all grand jury sessions. All grand jury proceedings and testimony from commencement to adjournment shall be reported. Except as otherwise provided in this section, no copies of transcripts of, or exhibits from, such proceedings shall be made available.

(2) Except as provided in subsection (3) of this section:

(a) The reporter's stenography notes and tape recordings shall be preserved and sealed and any transcripts which may be prepared shall be preserved, sealed, and filed with the court;

(b) No release or destruction of the notes or transcripts shall occur without prior court approval; and

(c) No copies of such transcript or exhibits shall be made available.

(3)(a) This subsection applies to a grand jury impaneled pursuant to subsection (4) of section 29-1401.

(b) A transcript, including any exhibits of the grand jury proceedings, and a copy of such transcript and copies of such exhibits shall be prepared at court expense and shall be filed with the court. Such transcript shall not include the names of grand jurors or their deliberations.

(c) If the grand jury returns a no true bill, a copy of the transcript, including a copy of any exhibits, shall be available for public review upon written request to the clerk of the district court. Such review shall be made at a reasonable time set by the clerk of the district court. Except as otherwise provided in this subdivision, no copies of such transcript or exhibits shall be made available.

(d)(i) If the grand jury returns a true bill, once a trial court is assigned and the criminal case docketed, any of the parties to the criminal case, within five days of the criminal case being docketed, may file a motion for a protective order requesting a hearing before the trial court to request a delay of the public review of the transcript, including any exhibits, of the grand jury proceedings. Except as otherwise provided in this subdivision, no copies of such transcript or exhibits shall be made available.

(ii) If after a hearing the trial court grants the request for a protective order, then any public review of the transcript, including any exhibits, of the grand jury proceedings shall not take place until the conclusion of the criminal prosecution. Conclusion of the criminal prosecution means an acquittal, a dismissal, or, if there is a conviction, when the direct appeal process has concluded. Once the criminal prosecution has concluded, a copy of the transcript, including a copy of any exhibits, shall be available for public review upon written request to the clerk of the district court. Such review shall be made at a reasonable time set by the clerk of the district court. Except as otherwise provided in this subdivision, no copies of such transcript or exhibits shall be made available.

(iii) If after a hearing the trial court denies the request for a protective order, then a copy of the transcript, including a copy of any exhibits, shall be available for public review once the trial court's order is filed and upon written request to the clerk of the district court. Such review shall be made at a reasonable time set by the clerk of the district court. Except as otherwise provided in this subdivision, no copies of such transcript or exhibits shall be made available.

(iv) If no party to the criminal case files a motion for a protective order within the time provided in subdivision (3)(d)(i) of this section, then a copy of the transcript, including a copy of any exhibits, shall be available for public review upon written request to the clerk of the district court. Such review shall be made at a reasonable time set by the clerk of the district court. Except as otherwise provided in this subdivision, no copies of such transcript or exhibits shall be made available.

(4) Upon application by the prosecutor or by any witness after notice to the prosecutor, the court, for good cause, may enter an order to furnish to that witness a transcript of his or her own grand jury testimony or exhibits relating thereto.

(5) Any witness summoned to testify before a grand jury, or an attorney for such witness with the witness's written approval, shall be entitled, prior to testifying, to examine and copy at the witness's expense any statement in the possession of the prosecuting attorney or the grand jury which such witness has made that relates to the subject matter under inquiry by the grand jury. If a witness is proceeding in forma pauperis, he or she shall be furnished, upon request, a copy of such transcript and shall not pay a fee.

The county attorney or the assistant county attorney shall be allowed at all times to appear before the grand jury for the purpose of giving information relative to any matter cognizable by such jury, or giving such jury advice upon any legal matter the jury may require, and such county attorney or assistant county attorney may interrogate witnesses before the jury when the grand jurors, the county attorney, or the assistant county attorney shall deem it necessary; except that no person shall be permitted to remain in the room with such jury while the grand jurors are expressing their views or giving their votes on any matter before the jury; Provided, whenever it shall be made to appear to the judge or judges of the district court that investigation should be made regarding official acts of county officials, the foreman shall forthwith notify the Governor of the state, who shall forthwith appoint a special prosecutor to appear and act in the place of the county attorney or the assistant county attorney in all matters relating thereto before such grand jury in like manner as though county attorney; and the county attorney or the assistant county attorney shall be excluded from the presence of the grand jury during all proceedings which relate to the subject matter for which the special prosecutor was appointed; except that nothing in this section shall prevent the county attorney or assistant county attorney from appearing as a witness before a grand jury for which a special prosecutor has been appointed.

(1) Whenever required by the grand jury, or the prosecuting attorney, the clerk of the court in which such jury is impaneled shall issue subpoenas and other process to bring witnesses to testify before such grand jury.

(2) At the option of the prosecuting attorney, a grand jury subpoena may contain an advisement of rights. If the prosecuting attorney determines that an advisement is necessary, the grand jury subpoena shall contain the following prominently displayed on the front of the subpoena:

NOTICE

(a) You have the right to retain an attorney to represent you and to advise you regarding your grand jury appearance.

(b) Anything you say to the grand jury may be used against you in a court of law.

(c) You have the right to refuse to answer questions if you feel the answers would tend to incriminate you or to implicate you in any illegal activity.

(d) If you cannot afford or obtain an attorney, you may consult with the public defender's office, or request the court to appoint an attorney to represent you.

(3) Any witness who is not advised of his or her rights pursuant to subsection (2) of this section shall not be prosecuted or subjected to any penalty or forfeiture for or on account of any transaction, matter, or thing concerning which he or she testifies or any evidence he or she produces, nor shall any such testimony or evidence be used as evidence in any criminal proceeding, except for perjury, against him or her in any court.

Before any witness shall be examined by the grand jury, an oath or affirmation shall be administered to him by the clerk truly to testify of such matters and things as may be lawfully inquired of before the jury, a certificate whereof the clerk shall make and deliver to such witness, who shall present the same to the foreman of the grand jury when he is admitted for examination.

Any person may approach the prosecuting attorney or the grand jury and request to testify or retestify in an inquiry before a grand jury or to appear before a grand jury. The prosecuting attorney or the grand jury shall keep a record of all denials of such requests to that prosecuting attorney or grand jury, including the reasons for not allowing such person to testify or appear. If the person making such request is dissatisfied with the decision of the prosecuting attorney or the grand jury, such person may petition the court for hearing on the denial by the prosecuting attorney or the grand jury. If the court grants the hearing, then the court may permit the person to testify or appear before the grand jury if the court finds that such testimony or appearance would serve the interests of justice.

(1) In any proceeding before the grand jury, if the prosecuting attorney has written notice in advance of the appearance of a witness that such witness intends to exercise his or her privilege against self-incrimination, such witness shall not be compelled to appear before the grand jury unless a grant of immunity has been obtained.

(2) Any witness subpoenaed to appear and testify before a grand jury or to produce books, papers, documents, or other objects before such grand jury shall be entitled to assistance of counsel during any time that such witness is being questioned in the presence of such grand jury, and counsel may be present in the grand jury room with his or her client during such questioning. Counsel for the witness shall be permitted only to counsel with the witness and shall not make objections, arguments, or address the grand jury. Such counsel may be retained by the witness or may, for any person financially unable to obtain adequate assistance, be appointed in the same manner as if that person were eligible for appointed counsel. An attorney present in the grand jury room shall take an oath of secrecy. If the court, at an in camera hearing, determines that counsel was disruptive, then the court may order counsel to remain outside the courtroom when advising his or her client. No attorney shall be permitted to provide counsel in the grand jury room to more than one witness in the same criminal investigation, except with the permission of the grand jury.

(3) If any witness appearing before a grand jury shall refuse to answer any interrogatories during the course of his or her examination, the fact shall be communicated to the court in writing, in which the question refused to be answered shall be stated, together with the excuse for the refusal, if any be given by the person interrogated. The court shall thereupon determine whether the witness is bound to answer or not, and the grand jury shall be immediately informed of the decision.

(1)(a) Whenever a witness in any proceeding before any grand jury refuses, without just cause shown, to comply with an order of the court to testify or provide other information, including any book, paper, document, record, recording, or other material, the prosecuting attorney may submit an application to the court for an order directing the witness to show why the witness should not be held in contempt. After submission of such application and a hearing at which the witness may be represented by counsel, the court may, if the court finds that such refusal was without just cause, hold the witness in contempt and order the witness to be confined or to pay a fine of not to exceed five hundred dollars. Such confinement shall continue until such time as the witness is willing to give such testimony or provide such information, except that the court may release the witness from confinement if the court determines that further confinement will not cause the witness to give such testimony or provide such information. No period of such confinement shall exceed the term of the grand jury, including extensions, before which such refusal to comply with the court order occurred, and in no event shall such confinement exceed six months.

(b) If a witness has been confined in accordance with subsection (1)(a) of this section, he or she may, upon petition filed with the court, request a hearing to be held within ten days to review the contempt order at which hearing he or she shall have the right to be represented by counsel. The court, at the hearing, may rescind, modify, or affirm the order.

(c) In any proceeding conducted under this section, counsel may be appointed for a person financially unable to obtain adequate assistance.

(2) No person who has been confined or fined by a court for refusal to testify or provide other information concerning any criminal incident or incidents in any proceeding before a grand jury impaneled before any district court shall again be confined or fined for a subsequent refusal to testify or provide other information concerning the same criminal incident or incidents before any grand jury.

No person subpoenaed to testify or to produce books, papers, documents, or other objects in any proceeding before any grand jury shall be required to testify or to produce such objects, or be confined as provided in section 29-1412, for his or her failure to so testify or produce such object if, upon filing a motion and, upon an evidentiary hearing before the court which issued such subpoena or a court having jurisdiction under this section, the court finds that:

(1) A primary purpose or effect of requiring such person to so testify or to produce such objects before the grand jury is or will be to secure testimony for trial for which the defendant has already been charged by information, indictment, or criminal complaint;

(2) Compliance with a subpoena would be unreasonable or oppressive;

(3) A primary purpose of the issuance of the subpoena is to harass the witness;

(4) The witness has already been confined or fined under this section for his or her refusal to testify before any grand jury investigating the same transaction, set of transactions, event, or events; or

(5) The witness has not been advised of his or her rights as specified in subsection (2) of section 29-1409.

In case of the sickness, death, discharge or nonattendance of any grand juror, after the grand jury shall be affirmed or sworn, it shall be lawful for the court, at its discretion to cause another to be sworn or affirmed in his stead.

No grand juror or officer of the court shall disclose that an indictment has been found against any person not in custody or under bail, except by the issuing of process, until the indictment is filed.

No grand juror shall be allowed to state or testify in any court in what manner he or other members of the grand jury voted on any question before them, or what opinion was expressed by any juror in relation to such question.

(1) At least twelve of the grand jurors must concur in the finding of an indictment; when so found the foreman shall endorse on such indictment the words A true bill, and subscribe his or her name thereto as foreman.

(2) Once a grand jury has returned a no true bill based upon a transaction, set of transactions, event, or events, a grand jury inquiry into the same transaction or events shall not be initiated unless the court finds, upon a proper showing by the prosecuting attorney, that the prosecuting attorney has discovered additional evidence relevant to such inquiry.

The grand jury may at each term of the court at which they may be in attendance, visit the county jail, and examine and report its condition, as required by law.

(1) Indictments returned by a grand jury shall be presented by their foreman to the court and shall be filed with the clerk, who shall endorse thereon the day of their filing and shall enter each case upon the register of actions and the date when the parties indicted have been arrested.

(2) Any grand jury may indict a person for an offense when the evidence before such grand jury provides probable cause to believe that such person committed such offense.

(3) The district court before which the indicted defendant is to be tried shall dismiss any indictment of the grand jury if such district court finds, upon the filing of a motion by the indicted defendant based upon the grand jury record without argument or further evidence, that the grand jury finding of probable cause is not supported by the record.

(4) Any other motions testing the validity of the indictment may be heard by the court based only on the record and argument of counsel, unless there is cause shown for the need for additional evidence.

The court shall assign such indictments for trial at as early a time in such term as is practicable. And the recognizances of parties and witnesses shall, in all such causes, be taken for their appearance at the time so assigned; and in case of the continuance of any cause to the next term of court, such recognizances shall be for the appearance of the parties and witnesses on such day thereof as the court may direct. At the end of the term the clerk shall deliver the indictments undisposed of to the prosecuting attorney for safekeeping; Provided, however, that where a special prosecutor shall have been appointed by the Governor of the state for the assistance of such grand jury, then the trials of indictments growing out of matters concerning which he has been appointed shall be conducted by such special prosecutor so appointed in all respects as though such special prosecutor were such county attorney; and all provisions relating to the acts of county attorneys shall be deemed to apply to such special prosecutor.

(1) Except as provided in subdivision (2)(g) of section 29-1406, the report of the grand jury shall not be made public except when the report is filed, including indictments, or when required by statute or except that all of the report or a portion thereof may be released if the judge of the district court finds that such a release will exonerate a person or persons who have requested such a release.

(2) A district judge under whose direction a grand jury has been impaneled may, upon good cause shown, transfer to a court of competent jurisdiction in another county or jurisdiction any evidence gathered by the grand jury that offenses have been committed in such other county or jurisdiction.

No indictment shall be deemed invalid, nor shall the trial, judgment or other proceedings be stayed, arrested or in any manner affected (1) by the omission of the words with force and arms, or any words of similar import; (2) by omitting to charge any offense to have been contrary to a statute or statutes; or (3) for the omission of the words as appears by the record nor for omitting to state the time at which the offense was committed in any case where time is not of the essence of the offense; nor for stating the time imperfectly; nor for want of a statement of the value or price of any matter or thing, or the amount of damages, or injury in any case where the value or price, or the amount of damages or injury is not of the essence of the offense; nor for the want of an allegation of the time or place of any material fact, when the time and place have once been stated in the indictment; nor that dates and numbers are represented by figures; nor for an omission to allege that the grand jurors were impaneled, sworn or charged; nor for any surplusage or repugnant allegation when there is sufficient matter alleged to indicate the crime or person charged; nor for want of the averment of any matter not necessary to be proved; nor for any other defect or imperfection which does not tend to the prejudice of the substantial rights of the defendant upon the merits.

Whenever on trial of any indictment for any offense there shall appear to be any variance between the statement in such indictment and the evidence offered in proof thereof in the given name or surname, or both given name and surname, or other description whatever of any person whomsoever therein named or described, or in the name or description of any matter or thing whatsoever therein named or described, such variance shall not be deemed ground for an acquittal of the defendant, unless the court before which the trial shall be had shall find that such variance is material to the merits of the case or may be prejudicial to the defendant.

In any indictment for falsely making, altering, forging, printing, photographing, uttering, disposing of or putting off any instrument, it shall be sufficient to set forth the purport and value thereof.

In all cases other than those mentioned in section 29-1503, whenever it shall be necessary to make any averment in any indictment as to any instrument, whether the same consists wholly or in part of writing, print or figures, it shall be sufficient to describe such instrument by any name or designation by which the same may be usually known, or by the purport thereof.

In any indictment for engraving or making the whole or any part of any instrument, matter or thing, or for using or having the unlawful custody or possession of any plate or other material upon which the whole or any part of any instrument, matter or thing shall have been engraved or made, or for having the unlawful custody or possession of any paper upon which the whole or any part of any instrument, matter or thing shall have been made or printed, it shall be sufficient to describe such instruments, matter or thing by any name or designation by which the same may be usually known.

It shall be sufficient in any indictment where it shall be necessary to allege an intent to defraud, to allege that the party accused did the act with intent to defraud without alleging an intent to defraud any particular person or body corporate, and on the trial of any such indictment, it shall not be necessary to prove an intent to defraud any particular person, but it shall be sufficient to prove that the party accused did the act charged with intent to defraud.

When any offense is committed upon or in relation to any property belonging to several partners, limited liability company members, or owners, and an indictment for such offense is returned, the allegation of ownership therein shall be sufficient if it alleges that such property belonged to any one or more of such partners, limited liability company members, or owners, without naming all of them.

An indictment for larceny may contain also a count for obtaining the same property by false pretenses, or a count for embezzlement thereof, and for receiving or concealing the same property, knowing it to have been stolen; and the jury may convict of either offense, and may find all or any of the persons indicted guilty of either of the offenses charged in the indictment.

In every indictment in which it shall be necessary to make any averment as to any money or bank bills or notes, United States treasury notes, postal and fractional currency, or other bills, bonds or notes, issued by lawful authority and intended to pass and circulate as money, it shall be sufficient to describe such money or bills, notes, currency or bonds simply as money, without specifying any particular coin, note, bill or bond; and such allegation shall be sustained by proof of any amount of coin or of any such note, bill, currency or bond, although the particular species of coin of which such amount was composed, or the particular nature of such note, bill, currency or bond shall not be proved.

When an offense shall be committed in relation to any election and an indictment for such offense is returned, the allegation of the legality and regularity of such election shall be sufficient if it alleges that such election was authorized by law, without stating the names of the officers holding the election, or the persons voted for, or the offices to be filled at such election.

In every indictment for perjury or subornation of perjury it shall be sufficient to set forth the substance of the offense charged upon the defendant, and before what court the oath or affirmation was taken, averring such court or authority to have full power to administer the same, together with the proper averment or counts to falsify the matter or matters wherein the perjury is assigned, without setting forth any part of any record or proceeding, in law or equity, other than as aforesaid, and without setting forth the commission or authority of the court, or other authority before whom the perjury was committed.

In any indictment for manslaughter, it shall not be necessary to set forth the manner in which, or the means by which, the death was caused; but it shall be sufficient to charge that the defendant did unlawfully kill and slay the deceased.

The several courts of this state shall possess and may exercise the same power and jurisdiction to hear, try and determine prosecutions upon information, for crimes, misdemeanors and offenses, to issue writs and process, and do all other acts therein, as they possess and may exercise in cases of the like prosecutions upon indictments.

All informations shall be filed in the court having jurisdiction of the offense specified therein, by the prosecuting attorney of the proper county as informant. The prosecuting attorney shall subscribe his or her name thereto and endorse thereon the names of the witnesses known to him or her at the time of filing. After the information has been filed, the prosecuting attorney shall endorse on the information the names of such other witnesses as shall then be known to him or her as the court in its discretion may prescribe, except that if a notice of aggravation is contained in the information as provided in section 29-1603, the prosecuting attorney may endorse additional witnesses at any time up to and including the thirtieth day prior to the trial of guilt.

(1) All informations shall be in writing and signed by the county attorney, complainant, or some other person, and the offenses charged therein shall be stated with the same fullness and precision in matters of substance as is required in indictments in like cases.

(2)(a) Any information charging a violation of section 28-303 and in which the death penalty is sought shall contain a notice of aggravation which alleges one or more aggravating circumstances, as such aggravating circumstances are provided in section 29-2523. The notice of aggravation shall be filed as provided in section 29-1602. It shall constitute sufficient notice to describe the alleged aggravating circumstances in the language provided in section 29-2523.

(b) The state shall be permitted to add to or amend a notice of aggravation at any time up to and including the thirtieth day prior to the trial of guilt.

(c) The existence or contents of a notice of aggravation shall not be disclosed to the jury until after the verdict is rendered in the trial of guilt.

(3) Different offenses and different degrees of the same offense may be joined in one information, in all cases in which the same might by different counts be joined in one indictment; and in all cases a defendant or defendants shall have the same right, as to proceedings therein, as the defendant or defendants would have if prosecuted for the same offense upon indictment.

The provisions of the criminal code in relation to indictments, and all other provisions of law, applying to prosecutions upon indictments to writs and process therein, and the issuing and service thereof, to motions, pleadings, trials and punishments or the execution of any sentence, and to all other proceedings in cases of indictments, whether in the court of original or appellate jurisdiction, shall in the same manner and to the same extent, as nearly as may be, apply to informations, and all prosecutions and proceedings thereon.

Any person who may, according to law, be committed to jail or become recognized or held to bail with sureties for his appearance in court to answer to any indictment, may in like manner be committed to jail or become recognized and held to bail for his appearance, to answer to any information or indictment, as the case may be.

It shall be the duty of the county attorney of the proper county to inquire into and make full examination of all the facts and circumstances connected with any case on preliminary examination, as provided by law, touching the commission of any offense wherein the offender shall be committed to jail, or become recognized or held to bail. If the prosecuting attorney shall determine in any such case that an information ought not to be filed, he shall make, subscribe, and file with the clerk of the court a statement in writing, containing his reasons, in fact and in law, for not filing an information in such case; and such statement shall be filed at and during the term of court at which the offender shall be held for his appearance; Provided, in such case such court may examine the statement, together with the evidence filed in the case, and if, upon such examination, the court shall not be satisfied with the statement, the county attorney shall be directed by the court to file the proper information and bring the case to trial.

No information shall be filed against any person for any offense until such person shall have had a preliminary examination therefor, as provided by law, unless such person shall waive his or her right to such examination, except as otherwise provided in the Uniform Criminal Extradition Act. The preliminary examination shall be conducted as soon as the nature and the circumstances of the case will permit.

Whenever an indictment is presented, or complaint or information filed against a corporation, a summons commanding the sheriff to notify the accused thereof, and returnable on the third day after its date, shall issue on the praecipe of the prosecuting attorney. Such summons, together with a copy of the indictment, information, or complaint, shall be served and returned in the manner provided for service of summons upon such corporation in a civil action. The corporation on or before the return day of a summons duly served may appear by one of its officers, or by counsel, and answer to the indictment, information, or complaint by motion, demurrer, or plea. Upon its failure to make such appearance and answer, the court clerk shall enter a plea of not guilty; and upon such appearance being made, or plea entered, the corporation shall be deemed thenceforth continuously present in the court until the case is finally disposed of.

A warrant may be issued in term time or in vacation of the court, on an indictment found or presentment made in any county, and when directed to the sheriff of the county where such indictment was found, or presentment made, it shall be lawful for such officer to pursue and arrest the accused named in such warrant, in any county of this state where he may be found, and commit him to jail, or hold him to bail, as provided in this code.

When the party accused shall reside out of the county in which such indictment was found, it shall be lawful to issue a warrant thereon, directed to the sheriff of the county where the accused shall reside or may be found. It shall be the duty of such officer to arrest the accused and convey him to the county from which such writ was issued, and there commit him to the jail of such county, or hold him to bail, as provided in section 29-1701.

When any sheriff or other officer shall be charged with the execution of a warrant issued on any indictment for a misdemeanor, he shall, during the vacation of the court from which the writ issued, have authority to take the recognizance of the person so indicted, together with sufficient sureties, resident and freeholders in the county from which such writ issued, in a sum of not less than fifty dollars nor more than five hundred dollars, conditioned for the appearance of such person on the first day of the next term of such court.

The sheriff or other officer shall return such writ according to the command thereof, with the name of the surety or sureties, together with the recognizance taken as aforesaid; and the recognizance so taken and returned shall be filed and recorded by the clerk of the court to which the same was returned, and may be proceeded on in the same way as if such recognizance had been taken in the court during term time.

When any person has been indicted for a felony and the person so indicted has not been arrested or recognized to appear before the court, the court may make an entry of the cause upon the record and may order the amount in which the party indicted may be recognized for his or her appearance by any officer charged with the duty of arresting him or her.

The clerk issuing a warrant on such an indictment shall endorse thereon the sum in which the recognizance of the accused was ordered as aforesaid to be taken.

The officer charged with the execution of the warrant aforesaid shall take the recognizance of the party accused in the sum ordered as aforesaid, together with good and sufficient sureties, conditioned for the appearance of the accused at the return of the writ before the court out of which the same issued.

Such officer shall return such recognizance to the court to be recorded and proceeded on as provided in this code.

All recognizances taken during vacation of any court, by any judge or other officer thereof authorized to take them, shall be signed by the parties and certified to by the officer taking the same.

Whenever any convict in a Department of Correctional Services adult correctional facility is indicted for any offense committed while confined therein, such convict shall remain in the custody of the warden of the facility subject to the order of the district court of the county where the facility in which such convict is confined is situated.

The clerk of the district court shall, upon the filing of any indictment with him or her and after the person indicted is in custody or let to bail, cause the same to be entered on the record of the court, and in case of the loss of the original, such record or a certified copy thereof shall be used in place thereof upon the trial of the cause. Within twenty-four hours after the filing of an indictment for felony, and in every other case on request, the clerk shall make and deliver to the sheriff and the defendant or his or her counsel a copy of the indictment, and the sheriff on receiving such copy shall serve the same upon the defendant. No one shall be, without his or her assent, arraigned or called on to answer to any indictment until one day has elapsed after receiving in person or by counsel or having an opportunity to receive a copy of such indictment.

The court shall allow the accused a reasonable time to examine the indictment and prepare exceptions thereto.

The accused may except to an indictment by (1) a motion to quash, (2) a plea in abatement, or (3) a demurrer.

A motion to quash may be made in all cases when there is a defect apparent upon the face of the record, including defects in the form of the indictment or in the manner in which an offense is charged.

A plea in abatement may be made when there is a defect in the record which is shown by facts extrinsic thereto.

The accused may demur when the facts stated in the indictment do not constitute an offense punishable by the laws of this state, or when the intent is not alleged, when proof of it is necessary to make out the offense charged.

When a motion to quash, or a plea in abatement, has been adjudged in favor of the accused, he may be committed or held to bail in such sum as the court may require for his appearance at the first day of the next term of said court.

The accused shall be taken to have waived all defects which may be excepted to by a motion to quash, or a plea in abatement, by demurring to an indictment or pleading in bar or the general issue.

If the accused shall plead in abatement that he is not indicted by his true name, he must plead what his true name is, which shall be entered on the minutes of the court, and after such entry the trial and all other proceedings on the indictment shall be had against him by that name, referring also to the name by which he is indicted, in the same manner in all respects as if he had been indicted by his true name.

To any plea in abatement the county attorney may demur if it is not sufficient in substance, or he may reply setting forth any facts which may show that there is no defect in the record as charged in the plea.

After a demurrer to an indictment has been overruled, the accused may plead not guilty, or in bar.

(1)(a) The accused may be arraigned in county court or district court:

(i) If the accused was eighteen years of age or older when the alleged offense was committed;

(ii) If the accused was younger than eighteen years of age and was fourteen years of age or older when an alleged offense punishable as a Class I, IA, IB, IC, ID, II, or IIA felony was committed; or

(iii) If the alleged offense is a traffic offense as defined in section 43-245.

(b) Arraignment in county court or district court shall be by reading to the accused the complaint or information, unless the reading is waived by the accused when the nature of the charge is made known to him or her. The accused shall then be asked whether he or she is guilty or not guilty of the offense charged. If the accused appears in person and by counsel and goes to trial before a jury regularly impaneled and sworn, he or she shall be deemed to have waived arraignment and a plea of not guilty shall be deemed to have been made.

(2) At the time of the arraignment, the county court or district court shall advise the accused, if the accused was younger than eighteen years of age at the time the alleged offense was committed, that the accused may move the county court or district court at any time not later than thirty days after arraignment, unless otherwise permitted by the court for good cause shown, to waive jurisdiction in such case to the juvenile court for further proceedings under the Nebraska Juvenile Code. This subsection does not apply if the case was transferred to county court or district court from juvenile court.

(3) For motions to transfer a case from the county court or district court to juvenile court:

(a) The county court or district court shall schedule a hearing on such motion within fifteen days. The customary rules of evidence shall not be followed at such hearing. The accused shall be represented by an attorney. The criteria set forth in section 43-276 shall be considered at such hearing. After considering all the evidence and reasons presented by both parties, the case shall be transferred to juvenile court unless a sound basis exists for retaining the case in county court or district court; and

(b) The county court or district court shall make a decision on such motion within thirty days after the hearing and shall set forth findings for the reason for its decision. If the county court or district court determines that the accused should be transferred to the juvenile court, the complete file in the county court or district court shall be transferred to the juvenile court and the complaint, indictment, or information may be used in place of a petition therein. The county court or district court making a transfer shall order the accused to be taken forthwith to the juvenile court and designate where the juvenile shall be kept pending determination by the juvenile court. The juvenile court shall then proceed as provided in the Nebraska Juvenile Code.

(4) An order granting or denying transfer of the case from county or district court to juvenile court shall be considered a final order for the purposes of appeal. Upon entry of an order, any party may appeal to the Court of Appeals within ten days. Such review shall be advanced on the court docket without an extension of time granted to any party except upon a showing of exceptional cause. Appeals shall be submitted, assigned, and scheduled for oral argument as soon as the appellee's brief is due to be filed. The Court of Appeals shall conduct its review in an expedited manner and shall render the judgment and opinion, if any, as speedily as possible. During the pendency of an appeal from an order transferring the case to juvenile court, the juvenile court may enter temporary orders in the best interests of the juvenile.

(5)(a) Except as provided in subdivision (5)(b) of this section, any admission, confession, or statement made by the accused to a psychiatrist, psychologist, therapist, or licensed mental health practitioner for purposes of a motion to transfer a case from county court or district court to juvenile court shall be inadmissible in any criminal or civil proceeding.

(b) Subdivision (5)(a) of this section does not prevent any such admission, confession, or statement from being:

(i) Admissible in proceedings relating to such motion to transfer;

(ii) Admissible in disposition proceedings of such accused under the Nebraska Juvenile Code if the case is transferred to juvenile court;

(iii) Included in any presentence investigation report for such accused if the case is not transferred to juvenile court; and

(iv) Admissible in such case to impeach such accused during cross-examination if the accused testifies at trial or during juvenile court proceedings and such testimony is materially inconsistent with a prior statement made by the accused to a psychiatrist, psychologist, therapist, or licensed mental health practitioner for purposes of the motion to transfer such case.

(6) When the accused was younger than eighteen years of age when an alleged offense was committed, the county attorney or city attorney shall proceed under section 43-274.

On the arraignment in the district court of any person accused of a felony, the court may require the official reporter of the court to make a record of the proceedings in such court incident to such arraignment and the disposition of the charge made against the accused including sentence in the event of conviction. The court may further require the court reporter to prepare a transcript of the report of such proceedings, authenticate the transcript with an appropriate certificate to be attached thereto, and cause the same to be filed in the office of the clerk of the court. Such transcript shall be kept in a special file and not removed from the office of the clerk of the district court, except on an order of a judge of the court expressly authorizing removal. In the event that the transcript is so made, authenticated and filed, it, or a duly certified copy thereof, shall become and be competent and lawful evidence and admissible as such in any of the courts of this state.

The accused may then offer a plea in bar to the indictment that he has before had judgment of acquittal, or been convicted, or been pardoned for the same offense; and to this plea the county attorney may reply that there is no record of such acquittal or conviction, or that there has been no pardon. On the trial of such issue to the court or to a jury, if the court desires to submit such issue to a jury, the accused must produce the record of such conviction or acquittal, or the pardon, and prove that he is the same person charged in the record or mentioned in the pardon; and shall be permitted to adduce such other evidence as may be necessary to establish the identity of the offense.

No plea in bar or abatement shall be received by the court unless it be in writing, signed by the accused, and sworn to before some competent officer.

If the issue on the plea in bar be found against the defendant, or if upon arraignment the accused offers no plea in bar, he shall plead guilty, not guilty, or nolo contendere; but if he pleads evasively or stands mute, he shall be taken to have pleaded not guilty.

The accused may, at any time before conviction, enter a plea of nolo contendere with the consent of the court. The court may refuse to accept the plea, and shall not accept the plea without first determining that the plea is made voluntarily with an understanding of the nature of the charge.

(1) Prior to acceptance of a plea of guilty or nolo contendere to any offense punishable as a crime under state law, except offenses designated as infractions under state law, the court shall administer the following advisement on the record to the defendant:

IF YOU ARE NOT A UNITED STATES CITIZEN, YOU ARE HEREBY ADVISED THAT CONVICTION OF THE OFFENSE FOR WHICH YOU HAVE BEEN CHARGED MAY HAVE THE CONSEQUENCES OF REMOVAL FROM THE UNITED STATES, OR DENIAL OF NATURALIZATION PURSUANT TO THE LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES.

(2) Upon request, the court shall allow the defendant additional time to consider the appropriateness of the plea in light of the advisement as described in this section. If, on or after July 20, 2002, the court fails to advise the defendant as required by this section and the defendant shows that conviction of the offense to which the defendant pleaded guilty or nolo contendere may have the consequences for the defendant of removal from the United States, or denial of naturalization pursuant to the laws of the United States, the court, on the defendant's motion, shall vacate the judgment and permit the defendant to withdraw the plea of guilty or nolo contendere and enter a plea of not guilty. Absent a record that the court provided the advisement required by this section, the defendant shall be presumed not to have received the required advisement.

(3) With respect to pleas accepted prior to July 20, 2002, it is not the intent of the Legislature that a court's failure to provide the advisement required by subsection (1) of this section should require the vacation of judgment and withdrawal of the plea or constitute grounds for finding a prior conviction invalid. Nothing in this section, however, shall be deemed to inhibit a court, in the sound exercise of its discretion, from vacating a judgment and permitting a defendant to withdraw a plea.

The Legislature finds and declares that in many instances involving an individual who is not a citizen of the United States and who is charged with an offense punishable as a crime under state law, a plea of guilty or nolo contendere is entered without the defendant knowing that a conviction of such offense is grounds for removal from the United States, or denial of naturalization pursuant to the laws of the United States. Therefor, it is the intent of the Legislature in enacting this section and section 29-1819.02 to promote fairness to such accused individuals by requiring in such cases that acceptance of a guilty plea or plea of nolo contendere be preceded by an appropriate warning of the special consequences for such a defendant which may result from the plea. It is also the intent of the Legislature that the court in such cases shall grant the defendant a reasonable amount of time to negotiate with the prosecuting agency in the event the defendant or the defendant's counsel was unaware of the possibility of removal from the United States, or denial of naturalization as a result of conviction. It is further the intent of the Legislature that at the time of the plea no defendant shall be required to disclose his or her legal status to the court.

If the accused pleads guilty the plea shall be recorded on the indictment, and the accused may be placed in the custody of the sheriff until sentence.

If the accused pleads not guilty, the plea shall be entered on the indictment, and the prosecuting attorney shall, under the direction of the court, designate a day for trial, which shall be a day of the term at which the plea is made, unless the court, for good reasons, continues the case to a subsequent term.

(1) A person who becomes mentally incompetent after the commission of an offense shall not be tried for the offense until such disability is removed as provided in section 29-1823.

(2) If, after a verdict of guilty, but before judgment is pronounced, a defendant becomes mentally incompetent, then no judgment shall be given until such disability is removed.

(3) If a defendant is sentenced to death and, after judgment, but before execution of the sentence, such person becomes mentally incompetent, execution of the sentence shall be stayed until such disability is removed.

(1) If at any time prior to or during trial it appears that the defendant has become mentally incompetent to stand trial, such disability may be called to the attention of the district or county court by the county attorney or city attorney, by the defendant, or by any person for the defendant. The judge of the district or county court of the county where the defendant is to be tried shall have the authority to determine whether or not the defendant is competent to stand trial. The judge may also cause such medical, psychiatric, or psychological examination of the defendant to be made as he or she deems warranted and hold such hearing as he or she deems necessary. The cost of the examination, when ordered by the court, shall be the expense of the county in which the crime is charged. The judge may allow any physician, psychiatrist, or psychologist a reasonable fee for his or her services, which amount, when determined by the judge, shall be certified to the county board which shall cause payment to be made. Should the judge determine after a hearing that the defendant is mentally incompetent to stand trial and that there is a substantial probability that the defendant will become competent within the reasonably foreseeable future, the judge shall order the defendant to be committed to the Department of Health and Human Services to provide appropriate treatment to restore competency. This may include commitment to a state hospital for the mentally ill, another appropriate state-owned or state-operated facility, or a contract facility or provider pursuant to an alternative treatment plan proposed by the department and approved by the court under subsection (2) of this section until such time as the disability may be removed.

(2)(a) If the department determines that treatment by a contract facility or provider is appropriate, the department shall file a report outlining its determination and such alternative treatment plan with the court. Within twenty-one days after the filing of such report, the court shall hold a hearing to determine whether such treatment is appropriate. The court may approve or deny such alternative treatment plan.

(b) A defendant shall not be eligible for treatment by a contract facility or provider under this subsection if the judge determines that the public's safety would be at risk.

(3) Within sixty days after entry of the order committing the defendant to the department, and every sixty days thereafter until either the disability is removed or other disposition of the defendant has been made, the court shall hold a hearing to determine (a) whether the defendant is competent to stand trial or (b) whether or not there is a substantial probability that the defendant will become competent within the reasonably foreseeable future.

(4) If it is determined that there is not a substantial probability that the defendant will become competent within the reasonably foreseeable future, then the state shall either (a) commence the applicable civil commitment proceeding that would be required to commit any other person for an indefinite period of time or (b) release the defendant. If during the period of time between the sixty-day review hearings set forth in subsection (3) of this section it is the opinion of the department that the defendant is competent to stand trial, the department shall file a report outlining its opinion with the court and within seven days after such report being filed the court shall hold a hearing to determine whether or not the defendant is competent to stand trial. The state shall pay the cost of maintenance and care of the defendant during the period of time ordered by the court for treatment to remove the disability.

(5) The defendant, by and through counsel, may move to be discharged from the offenses charged in the complaint or information for the reason that there is not a substantial probability that the defendant will become competent within the reasonably foreseeable future.

(6) In determining whether there is a substantial probability that a defendant will become competent in the reasonably foreseeable future, the court shall take into consideration the likely length of any sentence that would be imposed upon the defendant. If the court discharges the defendant, the court shall state whether such discharge is with or without prejudice.

(7)(a) If a judge orders a defendant to be committed to the Department of Health and Human Services to receive treatment to restore competency and such defendant remains lodged in the county jail, the department shall reimburse the county for lodging the defendant.

(b) Costs of lodging the defendant shall include the daily rate of lodging the defendant, food, medical services, transportation, and any other necessary costs incurred by the county to lodge the defendant.

(c) The daily rate of lodging the defendant shall be one hundred dollars per day for each day or portion thereof after the first thirty days that the defendant is lodged in the county jail after a determination by a judge that the defendant is required to be restored to competency. On July 1, 2023, and each July 1 thereafter, the department shall adjust the amount to be reimbursed to the county jails by an amount equal to the percentage increase, if any, in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers, as published by the United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, for the twelve months ending on June 30 of such year.

(d) For purposes of this section, medical services has the same meaning as provided in subsection (2) of section 47-701.