All cities having more than five thousand and not more than one hundred thousand inhabitants, as may be ascertained and officially promulgated by the United States or under the authority of the State of Nebraska or by the authority of the mayor and city council of any such city, shall be known as cities of the first class. The population of a city of the first class shall consist of the people residing within the territorial boundaries of such city and the residents of any territory duly and properly annexed to such city.

Whenever any city of the second class attains a population of more than five thousand inhabitants as provided by section 16-101, the mayor of such city shall certify such fact to the Secretary of State who upon the filing of such certificate shall by proclamation declare such city to be a city of the first class. Upon such proclamation being made by the Secretary of State, every officer of such cities shall within thirty days thereafter qualify and give bond as provided by sections 16-219, 16-304, and 16-318.

(1) After the proclamation under section 16-102, the city shall be governed by the laws of this state applicable to cities of the first class, except that the government of such city shall continue as organized at the date of such proclamation until the reorganization as a city of the first class.

(2) The mayor and council members of the city of the second class shall be deemed to be the mayor and council members of the city of the first class on the date the proclamation is issued. All ordinances, bylaws, acts, rules, regulations, obligations, and proclamations existing and in force in or with respect to the city of the second class at the time of its incorporation as a city of the first class shall remain in full force and effect after such incorporation until repealed or modified by the city within one year after the date of the filing of the certificate pursuant to section 16-102.

(3) For the purpose of electing city officials under the provisions of law relating to cities of the first class, the terms of office for such officials shall be established by the city's governing body so as to conform with the intent and purpose of section 32-534.

If a city of the second class becomes a city of the first class, the mayor and council shall divide the city into not less than three wards, as compact in form and equal in population as may be, the boundaries of which shall be defined by ordinance, to take effect at the next annual city election after reorganization except as provided in section 32-553. Each ward shall constitute an election district, except that when any ward has over five hundred legal voters, the mayor and council may divide such ward into two or more election districts. If it is necessary to establish the staggering of terms by nominating and electing council members for terms of different durations at the same elections, the candidates receiving the greatest number of votes shall be nominated and have their names placed on the general election ballot.

Precinct lines in any part of any county not under township organization, embraced within the corporate limits of such city, shall correspond with the ward lines of the city, and such precinct shall correspond in number with the ward of the city and be coextensive with the same; Provided, when a ward is divided into election districts, the precinct corresponding with such ward shall be divided so as to correspond with the election districts.

The corporate name of each city of the first class shall be the City of ......................, and all process whatever affecting any such city shall be served in the manner provided for service of a summons in a civil action. The city shall procure and keep a seal with such emblem and device as it may think proper. Such seal may be either an engraved or ink stamp seal. It shall have included thereon the City of ................, together with date of incorporation, which shall be the seal of the city, and no other seal shall be used by the city. The impression or representation of the seal by stamp shall be sufficient sealing in all cases where sealing is required. An impression or representation of such seal shall be filed in the office of the Secretary of State, together with a resolution of the city council that the same has been duly adopted and is the seal of said city.

All ordinances, bylaws, acts, regulations, rules and proclamations, existing and in force in any city at the time of its incorporation as a city of the first class, shall remain in full force and effect after such incorporation until the same are repealed or modified by such city.

(1) Except as provided in sections 13-1111 to 13-1120 and 16-130 and subject to this section, the mayor and city council of a city of the first class may by ordinance at any time include within the corporate limits of such city any contiguous or adjacent lands, lots, tracts, streets, or highways as are urban or suburban in character and in such direction as may be deemed proper. Such grant of power shall not be construed as conferring power upon the mayor and city council to extend the limits of a city of the first class over any agricultural lands which are rural in character.

(2) The invalidity of the annexation of any tract of land in one ordinance shall not affect the validity of the remaining tracts of land which are annexed by the ordinance and which otherwise conform to state law.

(3) The city council proposing to annex land under the authority of this section shall first adopt both a resolution stating that the city is proposing the annexation of the land and a plan for extending city services to the land. The resolution shall state:

(a) The time, date, and location of the public hearing required by subsection (5) of this section;

(b) A description of the boundaries of the land proposed for annexation; and

(c) That the plan of the city for the extension of city services to the land proposed for annexation is available for inspection during regular business hours in the office of the city clerk.

(4) The plan adopted by the city council shall contain sufficient detail to provide a reasonable person with a full and complete understanding of the proposal for extending city services to the land proposed for annexation. The plan shall (a) state the estimated cost impact of providing the services to such land, (b) state the method by which the city plans to finance the extension of services to the land and how any services already provided to the land will be maintained, (c) include a timetable for extending services to the land proposed for annexation, and (d) include a map drawn to scale clearly delineating the land proposed for annexation, the current boundaries of the city, the proposed boundaries of the city after the annexation, and the general land-use pattern in the land proposed for annexation.

(5) A public hearing on the proposed annexation shall be held within sixty days following the adoption of the resolution proposing to annex land to allow the city council to receive testimony from interested persons. The city council may recess the hearing, for good cause, to a time and date specified at the hearing.

(6) A copy of the resolution providing for the public hearing shall be published in the official newspaper in the city at least once not less than ten days preceding the date of the public hearing. A map drawn to scale delineating the land proposed for annexation shall be published with the resolution. A copy of the resolution providing for the public hearing shall be sent by first-class mail following its passage to the school board of any school district in the land proposed for annexation.

(7) Any owner of property contiguous or adjacent to a city of the first class may by petition request that such property be included within the corporate limits of such city. The mayor and city council may include such property within the corporate limits of the city without complying with subsections (3) through (6) of this section.

(8) Notwithstanding the requirements of this section, the mayor and city council are not required to approve any petition requesting annexation or any resolution or ordinance proposing to annex land pursuant to this section.

Lands, lots, tracts, streets, or highways shall be deemed contiguous although a stream, embankment, strip, or parcel of land not more than two hundred feet wide lies between the same and the corporate limits.

Any extraterritorial property use regulations imposed upon any annexed lands by the city before such annexation shall continue in full force and effect until otherwise changed.

The inhabitants of territories annexed to such city shall receive substantially the services of other inhabitants of such city as soon as practicable. Adequate plans and necessary city council action to furnish such services shall be adopted not later than one year after the date of annexation, and such inhabitants shall be subject to the ordinances and regulations of such city, except that the one-year period shall be tolled pending final court decision in any court action to contest such annexation.

Whenever a city of the first class lawfully reannexes territory which it had formerly annexed but which annexation was illegal because the statutes under which such original annexation was made were unconstitutional and void, (1) all contracts for public improvements, warrants and bonds issued by the city of the first class with respect to such territory and all payments made thereon shall thereby be validated, binding and legal upon such city of the first class in the same manner and with the same effect as if the original annexation had been lawful, (2) all obligations of any sanitary and improvement district assumed by a city of the first class with respect to such territory shall thereby be validated, binding and legal upon such city of the first class in the same manner and with the same effect as if the original annexation had been lawful, and (3) such city of the first class may issue bonds under the appropriate statutes relating to public improvements to refund the warrants, warrant interest and any unpaid cost with respect to public improvements referred to in subdivision (1) of this section in the same manner and with the same effect as if the original annexation had been lawful.

In addition to existing annexation powers, the mayor and council of any city of the first class may by ordinance annex any village or second-class city which is entirely surrounded by such city, if the following conditions exist:

(1) The city has water mains adjacent to the village or second-class city which are available for extension into and have capacity to serve the village or second-class city;

(2) The city has sanitary sewer lines adjacent to the village or second-class city which are available for extension into and have capacity to serve the village or second-class city;

(3) The city has water and sewer treatment facilities which have the capacity to serve the village or second-class city; and

(4) The city has police, fire, and snow removal facilities which have the capacity to serve the village or second-class city.

In determining whether a village or second-class city is entirely surrounded by a city for annexation purposes, any land adjacent to the village or second-class city which is legally immune from annexation by either the city or the village, or second-class city, shall not be considered if the village or second-class city is otherwise surrounded by the city.

Notwithstanding the powers granted by section 16-122, no village or city of the second class may be annexed by a city of the first class when such village or city of the second class has its own sewage disposal plant, sewage disposal system, water well, water tower, water distribution system, and electrical distribution system or contracts for such services and facilities with an entity or entities other than such city of the first class.

Whenever any city of the first class shall extend its boundaries so as to annex any village or second-class city, the charter, laws, ordinances, powers, and government of such city of the first class shall at once extend over the territory embraced within any village or second-class city so annexed. Such city of the first class shall succeed to all the property and property rights of every kind, contracts, obligations, and choses in action of every kind held by or belonging to the village or second-class city so annexed; and it shall be liable for and assume and carry out all valid contracts, obligations, franchises, and licenses of any such village or second-class city so annexed; Provided, that any obligations incurred by such village or second-class city for water, paving, sewer or sewer treatment purposes, shall remain the obligation of the real property in such village or second-class city as its boundaries existed immediately prior to such annexation. Such village or second-class city so annexed shall be deemed fully compensated by virtue of such annexation and the assumption of its obligations and contracts for all its property and property rights of every kind so acquired.

All taxes, assessments, fines, licenses, fees, claims, and demands of every kind assessed or levied against persons or property within any such village or second-class city so annexed, shall be paid to and collected by such city of the first class.

All taxes and special assessments which such village or second-class city so annexed was authorized to levy or assess and which are not levied or assessed at the time of such annexation for any kind of public improvements made by it or in process of construction or contracted for, may be levied or assessed by such city of the first class, and such city of the first class shall have power to reassess all special assessments or taxes levied or assessed by any such village or second-class city so annexed, in all cases where such village or second-class city is authorized to make reassessments or relevies of such taxes and assessments.

All actions at law or in equity pending in any court in favor of or against any village or second-class city so annexed at the time such annexation takes effect, shall be prosecuted by or defended by such city of the first class, and all rights of action existing against any village or second-class city so annexed at the time of such annexation or accruing thereafter on account of any transaction had with or under any law or ordinance of such village or second-class city, may be prosecuted against such city of the first class.

All officers of any village or second-class city so annexed having books, papers, records, bonds, funds, effects or property of any kind in their hands or under their control belonging to any such village or second-class city, shall upon taking effect of such annexation deliver the same to the respective officers of such city of the first class as may be by law or ordinance or limitation of such city entitled or authorized to receive the same. Upon such annexation taking effect, the terms and tenure of all offices and officers of any such village or second-class city so annexed shall terminate and entirely cease.

Whenever any person or persons owning any real property within and adjacent to the corporate limits of any city of the first class or whenever the owner or owners of any unoccupied territory so situated owning land of not less than twenty acres shall desire to have the same disconnected therefrom, they may file request with the city council, asking that such territory be detached therefrom. The request shall contain the legal description of the property sought to be detached. If the city council determines that the property meets the requirements of this section and that part or all thereof ought to be detached, it shall by a majority vote of its members order such property detached from the city. A certified copy of such order shall be filed by the city clerk in the office of the register of deeds.

(1) The provisions of this section shall govern annexation by a city of the first class located in whole or in part within the boundaries of a county having a population in excess of one hundred thousand inhabitants but less than two hundred thousand inhabitants.

(2) Except as provided in sections 13-1111 to 13-1120 and subject to this section, the mayor and city council of a city of the first class described in subsection (1) of this section may by ordinance at any time include within the corporate limits of such city any contiguous or adjacent lands, lots, tracts, streets, or highways as are urban or suburban in character and in such direction as may be deemed proper. Such grant of power shall not be construed as conferring power upon the mayor and city council to extend the limits of such a city over any agricultural lands which are rural in character.

(3) The invalidity of the annexation of any tract of land in one ordinance shall not affect the validity of the remaining tracts of land which are annexed by the ordinance and which otherwise conform to state law.

(4) Any owner of property contiguous or adjacent to such a city may by petition request that such property be included within the corporate limits of such city.

(5) Notwithstanding the requirements of this section, the mayor and city council are not required to approve any petition requesting annexation or any resolution or ordinance proposing to annex land pursuant to this section.

(6) Not later than fourteen days prior to the public hearing before the planning commission on a proposed annexation by the city, the city clerk shall send notice of the proposed annexation by certified mail, return receipt requested, to any of the following entities serving customers in such city or in the area proposed for annexation: Any natural gas public utility as defined in section 66-1802; any natural gas utility owned or operated by the city; any metropolitan utilities district; any public power district; any public power and irrigation district; any municipality; any electric cooperative; and any other governmental entity providing electric service. Such notice shall include a copy of the proposed annexation ordinance, the date, time, and place of the public hearing before the planning commission on the proposed annexation ordinance, and a map showing the boundaries of the area proposed for annexation.

(7) Prior to the final adoption of the annexation ordinance, the minutes of the city council meeting at which such final adoption was considered shall reflect formal compliance with the provisions of subsection (6) of this section.

(8) No additional or further notice beyond that required by subsection (6) of this section shall be necessary in the event (a) that the scheduled city council public hearing on the proposed annexation is adjourned, continued, or postponed until a later date or (b) that subsequent to providing such notice the ordinance regarding such proposed annexation was amended, changed, or rejected by action of the city council prior to formal passage of the annexation ordinance.

(9) Except for a willful or deliberate failure to cause notice to be given, no annexation decision made by a city either to accept or reject a proposed annexation, either in whole or in part, shall be void, invalidated, or affected in any way because of any irregularity, defect, error, or failure on the part of the city or its employees to cause notice to be given as required by this section if a reasonable attempt to comply with this section was made.

(10) Except for a willful or deliberate failure to cause notice to be given, the city and its employees shall not be liable for any damage to any person resulting from any failure to cause notice to be given as required by this section when a reasonable attempt was made to provide such notice. No action for damages resulting from the failure to cause notice to be provided as required by this section shall be filed more than one year following the date of the formal acceptance or rejection of the proposed annexation, either in whole or in part, by the city council.

(11) No action to challenge the validity of the acceptance or rejection of a proposed annexation on the basis of this section shall be filed more than one year following the date of the formal acceptance or rejection of the annexation by the city council.

Each city of the first class shall be a body corporate and politic and shall have power (1) to sue and be sued, (2) to purchase, lease, lease with option to buy, or acquire by gift or devise and to hold real and personal property within or without the limits of the city and real estate sold for taxes for the use of the city in such manner and upon such terms and conditions as may be deemed in the best interests of the city, (3) to sell and convey, exchange, or lease any real or personal property owned by the city, including park land, in such manner and upon such terms and conditions as may be deemed in the best interests of the city, except that real estate owned by the city may be conveyed without consideration to the State of Nebraska for state armory sites or, if acquired for state armory sites, shall be conveyed in the manner strictly as provided in sections 18-1001 to 18-1006, (4) to make all contracts and do all other acts in relation to the property and concerns of the city necessary to the exercise of its corporate powers, and (5) to exercise such other and further powers as may be conferred by law.

The power to sell and convey any real estate owned by the city, including park land, except real estate used in the operation of public utilities and except real estate for state armory sites for the use of the State of Nebraska as expressly provided in section 16-201, shall be exercised by ordinance directing the conveyance of such real estate and the manner and terms thereof. Notice of such sale and the terms thereof shall be published for three consecutive weeks in a legal newspaper published in or of general circulation in such city immediately after the passage and publication of such ordinance.

If within thirty days after the passage and publication of such ordinance a remonstrance against such sale is signed by registered voters of the city equal in number to thirty percent of the registered voters of the city voting at the last regular municipal election held therein and is filed with the governing body of such city, the property shall not then, nor within one year thereafter, be sold. If the date for filing the remonstrance falls upon a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday, the signatures shall be collected within the thirty-day period, but the filing shall be considered timely if filed or postmarked on or before the next business day. Upon the receipt of the remonstrance, the governing body of such city, with the aid and assistance of the election commissioner or county clerk, shall determine the validity and sufficiency of signatures on the remonstrance. The governing body of such city shall deliver the remonstrance to the election commissioner or county clerk by hand carrier, by use of law enforcement officials, or by certified mail, return receipt requested. Upon receipt of the remonstrance, the election commissioner or county clerk shall issue to the governing body a written receipt that the remonstrance is in the custody of the election commissioner or county clerk. The election commissioner or county clerk shall compare the signature of each person signing the remonstrance with the voter registration records to determine if each signer was a registered voter on or before the date on which the remonstrance was filed with the governing body. The election commissioner or county clerk shall also compare the signer's printed name, street and number or voting precinct, and city, village, or post office address with the voter registration records to determine whether the signer was a registered voter. The signature and address shall be presumed to be valid only if the election commissioner or county clerk determines that the printed name, street and number or voting precinct, and city, village, or post office address matches the registration records and that the registration was received on or before the date on which the remonstrance was filed with the governing body. The determinations of the election commissioner or county clerk may be rebutted by any credible evidence which the governing body finds sufficient. The express purpose of the comparison of names and addresses with the voter registration records, in addition to helping to determine the validity of the remonstrance, the sufficiency of the remonstrance, and the qualifications of the signer, shall be to prevent fraud, deception, and misrepresentation in the remonstrance process. Upon completion of the comparison of names and addresses with the voter registration records, the election commissioner or county clerk shall prepare in writing a certification under seal setting forth the name and address of each signer found not to be a registered voter and the signature page number and line number where the name is found, and if the reason for the invalidity of the signature or address is other than the nonregistration of the signer, the election commissioner or county clerk shall set forth the reason for the invalidity of the signature. If the election commissioner or county clerk determines that a signer has affixed his or her signature more than once to the remonstrance and that only one person is registered by that name, the election commissioner or county clerk shall prepare in writing a certification under seal setting forth the name of the duplicate signature and shall count only the earliest dated signature. The election commissioner or county clerk shall certify to the governing body the number of valid signatures necessary to constitute a valid remonstrance. The election commissioner or county clerk shall deliver the remonstrance and the certifications to the governing body within forty days after the receipt of the remonstrance from the governing body. The delivery shall be by hand carrier, by use of law enforcement officials, or by certified mail, return receipt requested. Not more than twenty signatures on one signature page shall be counted.

The governing body shall, within thirty days after the receipt of the remonstrance and certifications from the election commissioner or county clerk, hold a public hearing to review the remonstrance and certifications and receive testimony regarding them. The governing body shall, following the hearing, vote on whether or not the remonstrance is valid and shall uphold the remonstrance if sufficient valid signatures have been received.

A city of the first class may levy taxes for general revenue purposes in any one year, not exceeding forty-two cents on each one hundred dollars upon the taxable value of all the taxable property in the limits of such city. This section shall not be construed so as to affect the limitation on maximum annual levies for all municipal purposes in the city in any one year as set forth in section 16-702.

A city of the first class may levy any other tax or special assessment authorized by law, and appropriate money and provide for the payment of the debts and expenses of the city.

A city of the first class may raise revenue by levying and collecting a license or occupation tax on any person, partnership, limited liability company, corporation, or business within the limits of the city and to regulate same by ordinance. All such taxes shall be uniform in respect to the class upon which they are imposed. All scientific and literary lectures and entertainments shall be exempt from such taxation as well as concerts and all other musical entertainments given exclusively by the citizens of the city.

A city of the first class may collect a license tax from the owners and harborers of dogs and other animals in an amount which shall be determined by the governing body of such city and enforce the same by appropriate penalties. Any licensing provision shall comply with subsection (2) of section 54-603 for service animals. The city may cause the destruction of any dog or other animal, for which the owner or harborer shall refuse or neglect to pay such license tax. It may regulate, license, or prohibit the running at large of dogs and other animals and guard against injuries or annoyances therefrom and authorize the destruction of the same when running at large contrary to the provisions of any ordinance.

A city of the first class may by ordinance provide for the removal of all obstructions from the sidewalks, curbstones, gutters, and crosswalks at the expense of the owners or occupants of the grounds fronting thereon or at the expense of the person placing the same there and may require and regulate the planting and protection of shade trees in the streets and along the same and the trimming and removing of the same.

A city of the first class may by ordinance declare it to be a nuisance for a property owner to permit, allow, or maintain any dead or diseased trees within the right-of-way of streets within the corporate limits of the city. Notice to abate and remove such nuisance and notice of the right to a hearing and the manner in which it may be requested shall be given to each owner or owner's duly authorized agent and to the occupant, if any, by personal service or certified mail. Within thirty days after the receipt of such notice, if the owner or occupant of the lot or piece of ground does not request a hearing or fails to comply with the order to abate and remove the nuisance, the city may have such work done and may levy and assess all or any portion of the costs and expenses of the work upon the lot or piece of ground so benefited in the same manner as other special taxes for improvements are levied and assessed.

The city may also regulate the building of bulkheads, cellars, basements, ways, stairways, railways, windows, doorways, awnings, hitching posts and rails, lampposts, awning posts, and all other structures projecting upon or over any adjoining excavation through and under the sidewalks in the city.

A city of the first class by ordinance may regulate the transportation of articles through the streets, and prevent injuries to the streets from overloaded vehicles.

A city of the first class may prevent and remove all encroachments into and upon all sidewalks, streets, avenues, alleys, and other city property, and prevent and punish all horseracing, fast driving or riding in the streets, highways, alleys, bridges or places in the city, and all games, practices or amusements therein likely to result in damage to any person or property. It may regulate, prevent, and punish the operation of vehicles or the riding, driving or passing of animals over or upon any streets or sidewalks of the city; regulate and prevent the use of streets, sidewalks, and public grounds for signs, sign posts, awnings, telegraph, telephone or other poles, racks, bulletin boards, and the posting of handbills and advertisements; regulate traffic and sale upon the streets, sidewalks and public places; punish and prohibit cruelty to animals; and regulate and prevent the moving of buildings through or upon the streets.

A city of the first class by ordinance may regulate levees, depots, depot grounds, and places for storing freight and goods, and provide for and regulate the passage of railways through the streets and public grounds of the city, reserving the rights of all persons injured thereby.

A city of the first class by ordinance may regulate the crossing of railway tracks and provide precautions and prescribe rules regulating the same; regulate the running of railway engines, cars, and trucks within the limits of said city, and prescribe rules relating thereto, and govern the speed thereof; and make other and further provisions, rules, and restrictions to prevent accidents at the crossings and on the tracks of railways, and to prevent fires from engines. It may regulate and prescribe the manner of running street cars, require the heating and cleaning of same, and fix and determine the fare charged; require the lighting of any railways within the city, the cars of which are propelled by steam, in such manner as they shall prescribe, and fix and determine the number, style, and size of the lampposts, burners, lamps, and all other fixtures and apparatus necessary for such lighting, and the points of location for such lampposts; and in case the company owning or operating such railways shall fail to comply with such requirements, the council may cause the same to be done by giving notice of the same and may assess the expense thereof against such company, and the same shall constitute a lien on any real estate belonging to such company, and lying within said city, and may be collected in the same manner as taxes for general purposes. The city may require railroad companies to keep flagmen at all railroad crossings of streets, and provide protection against injury to persons and property in the use of such railroads; compel any railroad to raise or lower their railroad tracks to conform to the general grade, which may at any time be established by such city, and where such tracks run lengthwise through or over any street, alley or highway, to keep the same level with the street surface; compel and require railroad companies to keep open the streets, and to construct and keep in repair ditches, drains, sewers and culverts, along and under their railroad tracks, and to pave their whole right-of-way on all paved streets, and keep the same in repair.

A city of the first class may borrow money on the credit of the city and pledge the credit, revenue, and public property of the city for the payment thereof, when authorized in the manner herein provided.

A city of the first class by ordinance may provide for issuing bonds, for the purpose of funding any and all indebtedness of the city, due or to become due. Floating indebtedness shall be funded only by authority of a vote of the people, but the mayor and council may by a two-thirds vote issue bonds to pay off any bonded debt without a vote of the people.

A city of the first class may make provision for a sinking fund to pay accruing interest and to pay at maturity the principal of the bonded indebtedness of the city, levy and collect taxes on all the taxable property in the city, in addition to other taxes, for the purpose of paying the same, and provide that the tax shall be paid in cash.

A city of the first class may provide for the holding and regulation of special elections, the return and canvass of votes cast thereat, and pay the expenses of the same.

A city of the first class by ordinance may provide for the removal of elective officers of the city for misconduct. The city may create any office that it deems necessary for the good government and interest of the city. The city may provide for filling vacancies which occur in any elective office, except the mayor or member of the city council, by appointment by the mayor with the consent of the council to hold his or her office for the unexpired term. Whenever the city council fails to consent to any appointment made under this section by the mayor by the close of the second regular council meeting following the announcement of the appointment, the vacancy shall be filled by a special election to be held as prescribed by ordinance in the ward in which such vacancy exists. A vacancy in the office of the mayor or on the city council shall be filled as provided in section 32-568.

A city of the first class by ordinance may regulate and prescribe the powers, duties, and compensation of the officers of the city not herein provided for, and classify the several offices and positions of trust or employment in the public service on the basis of merit through such agency as the local governing body shall provide for that purpose, upon approval by a majority of the electors of said city voting on such proposition.

A city of the first class by ordinance may require all officers or servants, elected or appointed, to give bond and security or evidence of equivalent insurance for the faithful performance of their duties. No officer shall become surety upon the official bond of another, or upon any contractor's bond, license, or appeal bond given to the city, or under any ordinance thereof, or from conviction in the county court for violation of any ordinance of such city.

A city of the first class may require from any officer of the city at any time a report in detail of the transactions in his office or of any matters connected therewith.

A city of the first class may establish, alter, and change the channel of watercourses, and wall and cover them over. No city shall be liable in damages on account of the accumulations of surface waters which fall upon its site, or any portion thereof, unless such accumulations be caused by the act of a city officer while employed in his official capacity and by authorization of the mayor and council first entered of record.

A city of the first class may provide for the organization and support of a fire department; procure fire engines, hooks, ladders, buckets and other apparatus; organize fire engine, hook and ladder, and bucket companies, and prescribe rules for duty and the government thereof, with such penalties as the council may deem proper, not exceeding one hundred dollars; make all necessary appropriations therefor; and establish regulations for the prevention and extinguishment of fires. It may prescribe limits within which no building shall be constructed except of brick, stone or other incombustible material, with fireproof roof, and impose a penalty for the violation of such ordinance. It may cause the destruction or removal of any building constructed or repaired in violation of such ordinance, and after such limits are established no special permits shall be given for the erection or repairing of buildings of combustible material. It may regulate the construction and inspection of, and order the suppression of and cleaning of fireplaces, chimneys, stoves, stovepipes, ovens, boilers, kettles, forges or any apparatus used in any building, manufactory or business which may be dangerous in causing or promoting fires, and prescribe limits within which dangerous or obnoxious and offensive business may be carried on.

The Legislature finds that matters relating to emergency medical first response and fire protection are matters of state concern, particularly in larger cities that rely primarily or entirely upon volunteers to provide these services. Recognizing the increasing complexity and difficulty of providing these services, the stringent and growing training demands made upon volunteers, the demographics of an aging population, the economic pressures that deny or inhibit employers from granting the opportunity for volunteers to respond to emergency calls during business hours, and the economic costs to residents and businesses of financing either a paid or partly paid emergency response system, the Legislature hereby declares the necessity of establishing a system and process whereby certain cities of the first class would be required to review, study, and modify on a continuing basis their emergency response systems, with appropriate public input, based upon local conditions and circumstances.

Not later than January 5, 2009, each city of the first class with a population in excess of thirty-seven thousand five hundred inhabitants shall employ a full-time fire chief with appropriate training, credentials, and experience and for whom firefighting or emergency medical first response is a full-time career. The fire chief shall be appointed by the mayor with the approval of the city council or by the city manager in cities that have adopted the city manager plan of government. The fire chief shall have the immediate superintendence of the fire prevention, fire suppression, and emergency medical first response services and the facilities and equipment related to such services of the city. The fire chief shall promulgate, implement, and enforce rules governing the actions and conduct of volunteer members of the department so as to be in conformity with the personnel policies of the city.

(1) In addition to such other duties as may be performed by the fire chief employed pursuant to section 16-222.02, he or she shall keep and maintain full and complete records regarding the twelve-month period ending thirty days prior to the annual report of the chief to the city council as provided for in subsection (2) of this section. Such records include, but are not limited to, the number of volunteers in active volunteer service providing emergency response services to the city including their ages, the amount and type of training received by each volunteer during the course of his or her time of service as an active volunteer, the number of new volunteers recruited during such period, the number of volunteers who ceased to be active volunteers during that period, the basic information regarding each volunteer specified in section 35-1309.01, the number and nature of calls or requests for emergency services, the response time for each call, to be calculated from the time of receipt of the dispatch to the time of arrival of the first fire or rescue emergency response vehicle at the site of the request, the number of volunteers responding to each call, and the time each call was received. The city council may specify any additional information to be gathered or collected by the fire chief or as the fire chief may recommend.

(2) The fire chief shall collate and analyze the information gathered pursuant to subsection (1) of this section and shall, no less than once in any twelve-month period, on a date specified by the city council, provide a report to the city council at a regular council meeting on the prior year's experience regarding the volunteer department and shall make such recommendations as he or she deems appropriate.

A city of the first class by ordinance may provide for the inspection of electric light, water and gas meters, the inspection and weighing of hay, grain and coal, and the measuring of wood and fuel to be used in the city, and determine the place or places of the same. It may regulate and prescribe the place or places of exposing for sale of hay, coal and wood, provide for the appointment of an inspector, and fix the fees and duties of the inspector and of other persons authorized to perform such duties.

A city of the first class may regulate the police of the city, establish and support a night watch, impose fines, forfeitures, confinement, and penalties for the breach of any ordinance, and for recovery and collection of the same. In default of payment, it may provide for confinement in the city prison or to hard labor in the city, upon the streets or elsewhere, for the benefit of the city.

A city of the first class by ordinance may regulate, prohibit, and suppress unlicensed tippling shops, billiard tables, and bowling alleys, may restrain houses of prostitution, opium joints, dens, and other disorderly houses and practices, games, gambling houses, desecration of the Sabbath day, commonly called Sunday, and may prohibit all public amusements, shows, exhibitions, or ordinary business pursuits upon such day, all lotteries, all fraudulent devices and practices for the purpose of obtaining money or property, all shooting galleries except as provided in the Nebraska Shooting Range Protection Act, and all kinds of public indecencies, except that nothing in this section shall be construed to apply to bingo, lotteries, lotteries by the sale of pickle cards, or raffles conducted in accordance with the Nebraska Bingo Act, the Nebraska Lottery and Raffle Act, the Nebraska Pickle Card Lottery Act, the Nebraska Small Lottery and Raffle Act, or the State Lottery Act.

A city of the first class may prevent and restrain riots, routs, noises, disturbances, breach of the peace, or disorderly assemblies in any street, house, or place in the city; regulate, punish, and prevent the discharge of firearms, rockets, powder, fireworks, or any other dangerous combustible material in the streets, lots, grounds, and alleys or about or in the vicinity of any buildings; regulate, prevent, and punish the carrying of concealed weapons, except the carrying of a concealed handgun in compliance with the Concealed Handgun Permit Act; arrest, regulate, punish, fine, or set at work on the streets or elsewhere all vagabonds and persons found in the city without visible means of support or some legitimate business; regulate and prevent the transportation or storage of gunpowder or other explosive or combustible articles, tar, pitch, resin, coal oil, benzine, turpentine, hemp, cotton, nitroglycerine, dynamite, petroleum or any other productions thereof, and other materials of like nature, the use of lights in stables, shops, or other places, and the building of bonfires; and regulate and prohibit the piling of building material or any excavation or obstruction in the street.

A city of the first class by ordinance may provide for the punishment of persons disturbing the peace and good order of the city by clamor and noise, by intoxication, drunkenness, fighting, or using obscene or profane language in the streets or other public places, or otherwise violating the public peace by indecent and disorderly conduct, or by lewd or lascivious behavior.

A city of the first class by ordinance may provide for the punishment of vagrants, tramps or common street beggars, common prostitutes, habitual disturbers of the peace, pickpockets, gamblers, burglars, thieves, ball game players, persons who practice any game, trick or device with intent to swindle, persons who abuse their families, and suspicious persons who can give no reasonable account of themselves.

(1) A city of the first class by ordinance may require lots or pieces of ground within the city or within the city's extraterritorial zoning jurisdiction to be drained or filled so as to prevent stagnant water or any other nuisance accumulating thereon. Except as provided in subsection (6) of this section, the city may require the owner or occupant of all lots and pieces of ground within the city to keep the lots and pieces of ground and the adjoining streets and alleys free of any growth of twelve inches or more in height of weeds, grasses, or worthless vegetation, and it may prohibit and control the throwing, depositing, or accumulation of litter on any lot or piece of ground within the city.

(2) Except as provided in subsection (6) of this section, any city of the first class may by ordinance declare it to be a nuisance to permit or maintain any growth of twelve inches or more in height of weeds, grasses, or worthless vegetation or to litter or cause litter to be deposited or remain thereon except in proper receptacles.

(3) Any owner or occupant of a lot or piece of ground shall, upon conviction of violating any ordinance authorized under this section, be guilty of a Class V misdemeanor.

(4) Notice to abate and remove such nuisance shall be given to each owner or owner's duly authorized agent and to the occupant, if any, by personal service or certified mail. If notice by personal service or certified mail is unsuccessful, notice shall be given by publication in a newspaper of general circulation in the city or by conspicuously posting the notice on the lot or ground upon which the nuisance is to be abated and removed. Within five days after receipt of such notice or publication or posting, whichever is applicable, if the owner or occupant of the lot or piece of ground does not request a hearing with the city or fails to comply with the order to abate and remove the nuisance, the city may have such work done. The costs and expenses of any such work shall be paid by the owner. If unpaid for two months after such work is done, the city may either (a) levy and assess the costs and expenses of the work upon the lot or piece of ground so benefited in the same manner as other special taxes for improvements are levied and assessed or (b) recover in a civil action the costs and expenses of the work upon the lot or piece of ground and the adjoining streets and alleys.

(5) For purposes of this section:

(a) Litter includes, but is not limited to: (i) Trash, rubbish, refuse, garbage, paper, rags, and ashes; (ii) wood, plaster, cement, brick, or stone building rubble; (iii) grass, leaves, and worthless vegetation; (iv) offal and dead animals; and (v) any machine or machines, vehicle or vehicles, or parts of a machine or vehicle which have lost their identity, character, utility, or serviceability as such through deterioration, dismantling, or the ravages of time, are inoperative or unable to perform their intended functions, or are cast off, discarded, or thrown away or left as waste, wreckage, or junk;

(b) Weeds includes, but is not limited to, bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), puncture vine (Tribulus terrestris), leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula), Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense), perennial peppergrass (Lepidium draba), Russian knapweed (Centaurea picris), Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense), nodding or musk thistle, quack grass (Agropyron repens), perennial sow thistle (Sonchus arvensis), horse nettle (Solanum carolinense), bull thistle (Cirsium lanceolatum), buckthorn (Rhamnus sp.) (tourn), hemp plant (Cannabis sativa), and ragweed (Ambrosiaceae); and

(c) Weeds, grasses, and worthless vegetation does not include vegetation applied or grown on a lot or piece of ground outside the corporate limits of the city but inside the city's extraterritorial zoning jurisdiction expressly for the purpose of weed or erosion control.

(6) A city of the first class by ordinance may declare it to be a nuisance to permit or maintain any growth of eight inches or more in height of weeds, grasses, or worthless vegetation on any lot or piece of ground located within the corporate limits of the city during any calendar year if, within the same calendar year, the city has, pursuant to subsection (4) of this section, acted to remove weeds, grasses, or worthless vegetation exceeding twelve inches in height on the same lot or piece of ground and had to seek recovery of the costs and expenses of such work from the owner.

A city of the first class may prevent any person from bringing, depositing, having, or leaving upon or near his or her premises or elsewhere in the city or within two miles of the corporate limits of the city any carcass or putrid beef, pork, fish, hides, or skins of any kind or any unwholesome substance and may compel the removal of the same.

A city of the first class by ordinance may prevent the digging of holes, pits or excavations within the city, except for the purpose of building where such excavations are made, prevent the leaving of any holes, pits or excavations within said city in an exposed condition, and require the filling of same.

A city of the first class may regulate, license or suppress halls, opera houses, places of amusement, entertainment or instruction, or other buildings except churches and schools used for the assembly of citizens, and cause them to be provided with sufficient and ample means of exit and entrance, and to be supplied with necessary and appropriate appliances for the extinguishment of fire and for escape from such places in case of fire, and prevent overcrowding; and regulate the placing and use of seats, chairs, benches, scenery, curtains, blinds, screens or other appliances therein. It may provide that for any violation of any such regulation a penalty of two hundred dollars shall be imposed, and upon conviction of any such licensees of any violation of any ordinance regulating such places, the license of any such place shall be revoked by the mayor and council. Whenever the mayor and council shall by resolution declare any such place to be unsafe, the license thereof shall be thereby revoked; and the council may provide that in any case where they have so revoked a license, any owner, proprietor, manager, lessee or person opening, using or permitting such place to be opened or used for any purpose involving the assemblage of more than twelve persons, shall upon conviction thereof be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and fined in any sum not exceeding two hundred dollars.

A city of the first class by ordinance may prescribe the thickness, strength, and manner of constructing stone, brick, and other buildings, and the number and construction of means of exit and entrance, and of fire escapes. It may require the keeper or proprietor of any hotel, boarding house or dormitory to provide and maintain such kind and such number of ladders, ropes, balconies, stairways, and other appliances as by ordinance may be prescribed to facilitate the escape of persons from any such building in case of fire.

A city of the first class may regulate or prohibit the running at large of cattle, hogs, horses, mules, sheep, goats, dogs and other animals, chickens, ducks, geese and other fowls, and cause such as may be running at large to be impounded and sold to discharge the costs and penalties provided for the violation of such prohibitions, and the fees and expenses of impounding and keeping the same, and of such sale.

A city of the first class may provide for the erection of all necessary pens, pounds, and buildings for the use of the city, within or without the city limits, appoint and compensate keepers thereof, and establish and enforce rules governing the same.

A city of the first class by ordinance may regulate, license, or prohibit the sale of domestic animals or of goods, wares, and merchandise at public auction on the streets, alleys, highways, or any public grounds within the city; and regulate or license the auctioneering of goods, wares, domestic animals, and merchandise. If the applicant is an individual, an application for a license shall include the applicant's social security number.

A city of the first class may make regulations to prevent the introduction and spread of contagious, infectious, or malignant diseases into the city. In cities with a commission form of government as provided in Chapter 19, article 4, and cities with a city manager plan of government as provided in Chapter 19, article 6, a board of health shall be created consisting of five members: The mayor, who shall be chairperson, a physician, who shall be medical adviser, the chief of police, who shall be secretary and quarantine officer, and two other members. In all other cities, a board of health shall be created consisting of five members: The mayor, who shall be chairperson, a physician, who shall be medical adviser, the chief of police, who shall be secretary and quarantine officer, the president of the council, and one other member. A majority of such board shall constitute a quorum and shall enact rules and regulations, having the force and effect of law, to safeguard the health of the people of such city and prevent nuisances and unsanitary conditions, enforce the same, and provide fines and punishments for the violation thereof.

A city of the first class may erect, establish, and regulate hospitals, workhouses, poorhouses, multiunit housing, houses of correction, jails, station houses, and other necessary buildings and provide for the support and government of the same.

A city of the first class by ordinance may make regulations to secure the general health of the city, prescribe rules for the prevention, abatement, and removal of nuisances, make and prescribe regulations for the construction, location, and keeping in order of all slaughterhouses, stockyards, warehouses, sheds, stables, barns, dairies, or other places where offensive matter is kept, or is likely to accumulate, within the corporate limits, and to limit or fix the maximum number of swine or neat cattle that may be kept in sheds, stables, barns, feed lots or other enclosures within the city.

A city of the first class may purchase, hold, and pay for, in the manner herein provided, lands for the purpose of the burial of the dead, and all necessary grounds for hospital grounds and waterworks, and have and exercise police jurisdiction over the same, and over any cemetery lying near said city and used by the inhabitants thereof.

(1) A city of the first class may survey, plat, map, grade, fence, ornament, and otherwise improve all burial and cemetery grounds and avenues leading thereto owned by such city. It may construct walks, rear and protect ornamental trees therein, and provide for paying the expenses thereof.

(2) After the burial and cemetery grounds are fully paid for, the city may set aside the proceeds of the sale of lots as a perpetual fund to be invested as provided by ordinance. The income from the fund may be used for the general care, management, maintenance, improvement, beautifying, and welfare of the cemetery. The principal of the perpetual fund may be used for the general care, management, maintenance, improvement, beautifying, and welfare of the cemetery as long as no more than twenty percent of the principal is so used in any fiscal year and no more than forty percent of the principal is so used in any period of ten consecutive fiscal years. The principal of the perpetual fund may also be used for the purchase and development of additional land to be used for cemetery purposes as long as no more than twenty-five percent of the principal is so used in any fiscal year and no more than thirty-five percent of the principal is so used in any period of ten consecutive fiscal years.

(3) The city may receive money by donation, bequest, or otherwise for credit to the perpetual fund to be invested as provided by ordinance or as conditioned by the donor. The income therefrom may be used for the general care, management, maintenance, improvement, beautifying, and welfare of the cemetery as the donor may designate. The principal therefrom may be used for the general care, management, maintenance, improvement, beautifying, and welfare of the cemetery as the donor may designate as long as no more than twenty percent of the principal is so used in any fiscal year and no more than forty percent of the principal is so used in any period of ten consecutive fiscal years. The principal therefrom may also be used for the purchase and development of additional land to be used for cemetery purposes as the donor may designate as long as no more than twenty-five percent of the principal is so used in any fiscal year and no more than thirty-five percent of the principal is so used in any period of ten consecutive fiscal years.

(4) The city treasurer shall be the custodian of such funds, and the same shall be invested by a board composed of the mayor, city treasurer, and city clerk.

(5) This section does not limit the use of any money that comes to the city by donation, bequest, or otherwise that is not designated to be credited to the perpetual fund or that allows greater use for purchase or development of additional land to be used for cemetery purposes.

A city of the first class may convey cemetery lots owned by such city, by certificates signed by the mayor and countersigned by the clerk under the seal of the city specifying that the person to whom the same is issued is the owner of the lot or lots described therein by number as laid down on such plat or map, for the purpose of interment. Such certificate shall vest in the proprietor, his or her heirs and assigns, a right in fee simple of such lot for the sole purpose of interment, under the regulations of the city council. Such certificates shall be entitled to be recorded in the office of the register of deeds of the proper county without further acknowledgment, and such description of lots shall be deemed and recognized as a sufficient description thereof.

A city of the first class by ordinance may limit the number of cemetery lots which shall be owned by one person at the same time; prescribe rules for enclosing, adorning, and erecting monuments and tombstones on cemetery lots; prohibit any diversion of the use of such lots and any improper adornment thereof; but no religious test shall be made as to the ownership of lots, the burial therein or the ornamentation of graves or lots.

A city of the first class may pass rules and ordinances imposing penalties and fines not exceeding one hundred dollars, regulating, protecting and governing the cemetery, the owners of lots therein, visitors thereof, and trespassers therein. The officers of such city shall have as full jurisdiction and power in the enforcing of such rules and ordinances as though they related to the city itself.

A city of the first class may make all such ordinances, bylaws, rules, regulations, and resolutions not inconsistent with the general laws of the state as may be necessary or expedient, in addition to the special powers otherwise granted by law, for maintaining the peace, good government, and welfare of the city and its trade, commerce, and manufactures, for preserving order and securing persons or property from violence, danger, and destruction, for protecting public and private property, and for promoting the public health, safety, convenience, comfort, and morals and the general interests and welfare of the inhabitants of the city. It may impose fines, forfeitures, penalties, and imprisonment at hard labor for the violation of any ordinance; provide for the recovery, collection, and enforcement of such fines, forfeitures, or penalties; and, in default of payment, provide for confinement in the city or county prison, workhouse, or other place of confinement with or without hard labor as may be provided by ordinance. The jurisdiction of the city to enforce such ordinances, bylaws, rules, regulations, and resolutions shall extend over the city and over all places within two miles of the corporate limits of the city.

A city of the first class may revise the ordinances of the city from time to time and publish the same in pamphlet or book form. Such revision shall be by one ordinance, embracing all ordinances preserved as changed or added to and perfected by revision, and shall embrace all the ordinances of every nature preserved, and be a repeal of all ordinances in conflict with such revision; but all ordinances then in force shall continue in force after such revision for the purpose of all rights acquired, fines, penalties, forfeitures, and liabilities incurred, and actions therefor. The only title necessary for such revision and repeal shall be An ordinance to revise all the ordinances of the city of ......................, and sections and chapters may be used instead of numbers, and original titles need not be preserved, nor signature of the mayor.

A city of the first class may provide for planting and protection of shade, ornamental, and useful trees and for the protection of birds, their nests and eggs.

A city of the first class may provide for the grading, repairing, and sprinkling of any street, avenue or alley, and the construction of bridges, culverts and sewers, and shall defray the repairs of the same out of the proper fund of such city; but no street shall be graded except the same be ordered done by the affirmative vote of two-thirds of the city council. On written petition of not less than one-half the owners of street front of the land fronting on any street or any specified part thereof, the mayor and council may order such street or any specified part thereof to be sprinkled with water at such time or times as the council may deem proper. Such sprinkling shall be done by contract awarded to the lowest responsible bidder in each case, and for the entire city or specified district thereof. To pay the expenses of such sprinkling the council may make special assessments upon the lands abutting upon such street or specified part thereof either on the valuation thereof, as listed for taxation, or by foot front. Such assessment shall be collected by special taxation.

A city of the first class may construct or repair sidewalks, sewers, and drains on any highway in the city and construct or repair iron railings or gratings for areaways, cellars or entrances to basements of buildings, and levy a special tax on lots or parcels of land fronting on such sidewalk, waterway, highway or alley to pay the expense of such improvements, to be assessed as other special assessments. But, unless a majority of the owners of the property subject to assessment for such improvements petition the council to make the same, such improvements shall not be made until three-fourths of all the members of said council, by vote, assent to the making of the same, which vote, by yeas and nays, shall be entered of record.

The mayor and council of any city of the first class shall have power to establish and maintain public libraries, reading rooms, art galleries and museums, and to provide the necessary grounds or buildings therefor; to purchase the papers, books, maps, manuscripts and works of art, and objects of natural or scientific curiosity and instruction therefor; and to receive donations and bequests of money or property for the same in trust or otherwise. They may also pass necessary bylaws and regulations for the protection and government of the same. The ownership of the real and personal property of such library shall be in the city.

Any city of the first class shall have the right to use the jail of the county for the confinement of such persons as may be imprisoned under the ordinances of such city. The city shall be liable to the county for the cost of keeping such prisoners as provided by section 47-120.

When the power is conferred upon the mayor and council of any city of the first class to do and perform any act or thing, and the manner of exercising such power is not specially pointed out, the mayor and council may provide by ordinance the details necessary for the full exercise of such power.

Any city of the first class may by ordinance provide for regulation of traffic, public use and conduct of invitees upon specified parking lots, shopping centers and similar semipublic but privately owned places located within the city limits of such city when the owners or operators of such semipublic places make written request for the same. Such ordinances may provide for regulation of the flow of traffic, speed limits, offenses against the public morals, unlawful assembly, trespass and similar offenses to the same effect and with the same authority as can be done in public thoroughfares, public parking lots and other public places. Such ordinance shall provide penalties within the limits of authority granted to cities of the first class for violation of city ordinances. Nothing in this section shall require the city to furnish labor, material, supervision, personnel or services in connection with the establishment, supervision or enforcement of such ordinance or the maintenance or upkeep of such parking areas.

A city of the first class may plan, initiate, operate, maintain, administer funding for, and evaluate facilities, programs, and services designed to meet the needs of elderly persons. Such city may contract with state agencies, political subdivisions, and private nonprofit agencies to exercise and carry out such powers.

In any city of the first class except any city having adopted the commissioner or city manager plan of government, the mayor and council members shall be registered voters of the city and the council members shall be residents of the ward from which elected if elected by ward and residents of the city if elected at large. The council may also, by a two-thirds vote of its members, provide by ordinance for the election of the treasurer and clerk. All nominations and elections of such officers shall be held as provided in the Election Act.

The terms of office of all such members shall commence on the first regular meeting of the council in December following their election.

Each council member, before entering upon the duties of his or her office, shall be required to give bond or evidence of equivalent insurance to the city. The bond shall be with two or more good and sufficient sureties or some responsible surety company. If by two sureties, they shall each justify that he or she is worth at least two thousand dollars over and above all debts and exemptions. Such bonds or evidence of equivalent insurance shall be in the sum of one thousand dollars and shall be conditioned for the faithful discharge of the duties of the council member giving such bond or insurance, and shall be further conditioned that if the council member shall vote for any expenditure or appropriation of money or creation of any liability in excess of the amount allowed by law, such council member, and the sureties signing such bond, shall be liable thereon. The bond shall be filed with the city clerk and approved by the mayor, and upon the approval, the city may pay the premium for such bond. Any liability sought to be incurred, or debt created in excess of the amount limited or authorized by law, shall be taken and held by every court of the state as the joint and several liability and obligation of the council member voting for and the mayor approving such liability, obligation, or debt, and not the debt, liability, or obligation of the city. Voting for or approving of such liability, obligation, or debt shall be conclusive evidence of malfeasance in office for which such council member or mayor may be removed from office.

All officers and employees of the city shall receive such compensation as the mayor and council may fix at the time of their appointment or employment, subject to the limitations set forth in this section. The local governing body of the city may at its discretion by ordinance combine and merge any elective or appointive office or employment or any combination of duties of any such offices or employments, except mayor and council member, with any other elective or appointive office or employment so that one or more of such offices or employments or any combination of duties of any such offices or employments may be held by the same officer or employee at the same time. The city manager in a city under the city manager plan of government as provided in Chapter 19, article 6, may in his or her discretion combine and merge any elective or appointive office or employment or any combination of duties of any such offices or employments, except mayor and council member, with any other elective or appointive office or employment so that one or more of such offices or employments or any combination of duties of any such offices or employments may be held by the same officer or employee at the same time. The offices or employments so merged and combined shall always be construed to be separate, and the effect of the combination or merger shall be limited to a consolidation of official duties only. The salary or compensation of the officer or employee holding the merged and combined offices or employments or offices and employments shall not be in excess of the maximum amount provided by law for the salary or compensation of the office, offices, employment, or employments so merged and combined.

In any city which becomes a city of the first class, any council member whose term extends through another year or years by reason of his or her prior election under the provisions governing cities of the second class shall hold his or her office as a council member from the ward in which he or she is a resident as if he or she were elected for the same term under the provisions of the Election Act governing cities of the first class.

Each city of the first class shall have such departments and appointed officers as shall be established by ordinance passed by the city council, which shall include a city clerk, treasurer, engineer and attorney, and such officers as may otherwise be required by law. Except as provided in Chapter 19, article 6, the mayor may, with the approval of the city council, appoint the necessary officers, as well as an administrator, who shall perform such duties as prescribed by ordinance. Except as provided in Chapter 19, article 6, the appointed officers may be removed at any time by the mayor with approval of a majority of the council. The office of administrator may not be held by the mayor. The appointed administrator may concurrently hold any other appointive office provided for in this section and section 16-325.

All officers appointed by the mayor and confirmed by the council shall hold the office to which they may be appointed until the end of the mayor's term of office and until their successors are appointed and qualified, unless sooner removed or the ordinance creating the office is repealed, except as otherwise specifically provided.

The officers and employees in cities of the first class shall receive such compensation as the mayor and council shall fix by ordinance.

All elected officers of a city of the first class shall be registered voters of the city.

The mayor shall preside at all the meetings of the city council and shall have the right to vote when his or her vote will provide the additional vote required to create a number of votes equal to a majority of the number of members elected to the council. He or she shall have the superintending control of all the officers and affairs of the city and shall take care that the ordinances of the city and the provisions of law relating to cities of the first class are complied with. He or she may administer oaths and shall sign the commissions and appointments of all the officers appointed in the city.

The mayor shall have the power to approve or veto any ordinance passed by the city council, and to approve or veto any order, bylaw, resolution, award of or vote to enter into any contract, or the allowance of any claim; Provided, any ordinance, order, bylaw, resolution, award or vote to enter into any contract, or the allowance of any claim vetoed by the mayor, may be passed over his veto by a vote of two-thirds of all the members elected to the council, notwithstanding his veto. If the mayor neglects or refuses to sign any ordinance, order, bylaw, resolution, award or vote to enter into any contract, or the allowance of any claim, and returns the same with his objection in writing at the next regular meeting of the council, the same shall become a law without his signature. The mayor may veto any item or items of any appropriation bill, and approve the remainder thereof, and the item or items so vetoed may be passed by the council over the veto as in other cases.

The mayor shall, from time to time, communicate to the city council such information and recommend such measures as in his opinion may tend to the improvement of the finances of the city, the police, health, comfort, and general prosperity of the city, and may have such jurisdiction as may be invested in him by ordinance over all places within two miles of the corporate limits of the city, for the enforcement of health or quarantine ordinances and the regulation thereof.

The mayor shall have power after conviction to remit fines and forfeitures, and to grant reprieves and pardons for all offenses arising under the ordinances of the city.

The city clerk shall have the custody of all laws and ordinances, and shall keep a correct journal of the proceedings of the council; Provided, that after the period of time specified by the State Records Administrator pursuant to sections 84-1201 to 84-1220, the city clerk may transfer such journal of the proceedings of the council to the State Archives of the Nebraska State Historical Society, for permanent preservation. He shall also keep a record of all outstanding bonds against the city, showing the number and amount of each, for and to whom said bonds were issued; and when any bonds are purchased, or paid, or canceled, said record shall show the fact. In his annual report he shall describe particularly the bonds issued and sold during the year, and the terms of sale, with every item of expense thereof. He shall also perform such other duties as may be required by the ordinances of the city. He shall also make at the end of each month a report showing the amount appropriated to each fund, and the whole amount of warrants drawn thereon.

The treasurer shall be required to give bond or evidence of equivalent insurance of not less than twenty-five thousand dollars, or he or she may be required to give bond in double the sum of money estimated by the council at any time to be in his or her hands belonging to the city and school district, and he or she shall be the custodian of all money belonging to the corporation. The city council shall pay the actual premium of the bond or insurance coverage of such treasurer. The treasurer shall keep a separate account of each fund or appropriation and the debts and credits belonging thereto. He or she shall give every person paying money into the treasury a receipt therefor, specifying date of payment and on what account paid. He or she shall also file copies of such receipts, except tax receipts, with his or her monthly reports, and he or she shall at the end of every month, and as often as may be requested, render an account to the city council, under oath, showing the state of the treasury at the date of such account, the amount of money remaining in each fund and the amount paid therefrom, and the balance of money in the treasury. He or she shall also accompany such account with a statement of all receipts and disbursements, together with all warrants redeemed and paid by him or her, which warrants, with all vouchers held by him or her, shall be filed with his or her account in the clerk's office. He or she shall produce and show all funds shown by such report to be on hand, or satisfy the council or its committee that he or she has such funds in his or her custody or under his or her control. If the treasurer fails to render his or her account within twenty days after the end of the month, or by a later date established by the council, the mayor with the consent of the council may consider this failure as cause to remove the treasurer from office. The treasurer may employ and appoint a delinquent tax collector, who shall be allowed a percent upon his or her collections to be fixed by the council not to exceed the fees allowed by law to the county treasurer for like services, and upon taxes collected by such delinquent tax collector the city treasurer shall receive no fees. The city treasurer shall prepare all paving and curbing tax lists and shall collect all paving and curbing taxes.

Cities of the first class may by ordinance combine the offices of clerk and treasurer and provide for the payment of a salary to the person holding such combined offices. Such salary shall not be in excess of the maximum amount provided by law for the salary of the clerk in such city plus the maximum amount provided by law for the salary of the treasurer in such a city. When these offices are so combined, the duties of the treasurer shall be performed by the clerk.

The city attorney shall be the legal advisor of the council and city officers. The city attorney shall commence, prosecute, and defend all suits and actions necessary to be commenced, prosecuted, or defended on behalf of the city, or that may be ordered by the council. He shall attend meetings of the council and give them his opinion upon any matters submitted to him, either orally or in writing as may be required. The mayor and city council shall have the right to pay the city attorney additional compensation for legal services performed by him for the city or to employ additional legal assistance and to pay for such legal assistance out of the funds of the city. Whenever the mayor and city council have by ordinance so authorized, the board of public works shall have the right to pay the city attorney additional compensation for legal services performed by him for it or to employ additional legal assistance other than the city attorney and pay such legal assistance out of funds disbursed under the orders of the board of public works.

The city engineer shall make a record of the minutes of his surveys and of all work done for the city, including sewers, extension of water system and heating system, electric light and sewerage system and power plant, and accurately make such plats, sections, profiles, and maps as may be necessary in the prosecution of any public work, which shall be public records and belong to the city and be turned over to his successor.

(1) The city engineer shall, when requested by the mayor or city council, make estimates of the cost of labor and material which may be done or furnished by contract with the city and make all surveys, estimates, and calculations necessary to be made for the establishment of grades, the building of culverts, sewers, electric light system, waterworks, power plant, public heating system, bridges, curbing, and gutters, the improvement of streets, and the erection and repair of buildings and shall perform such other duties as the council may require. When the city has appointed a board of public works, and the mayor and city council have by ordinance so authorized, such board may utilize its own engineering staff and may hire consulting engineers for the design and installation of extensions and improvements of the works under the jurisdiction of the board of public works. Whenever the mayor and city council have authorized the same, the board of public works may purchase material and employ labor for the enlargement or improvement of the systems and works under the jurisdiction of the board.

(2) Except as provided in section 18-412.01, no contract for enlargement or general improvements, such as water extensions, sewers, public heating system, bridges, work on streets, or any other work or improvement when the cost of such improvement is assessed to the property, costing over thirty thousand dollars shall be made unless it is first approved by the city council.

(3) Except as provided in section 18-412.01, before the city council makes any contract in excess of thirty thousand dollars for enlargement or general improvements, such as water extensions, sewers, public heating system, bridges, work on streets, or any other work or improvement when the cost of such enlargement or improvement is assessed to the property, an estimate of the cost shall be made by the city engineer and submitted to the council. In advertising for bids as provided in subsections (4) and (6) of this section, the council may publish the amount of the estimate.

(4) Advertisements for bids shall be required for any contract costing over thirty thousand dollars entered into (a) for enlargement or general improvements, such as water extensions, sewers, public heating system, bridges, work on streets, or any other work or improvement when the cost of such enlargement or improvement is assessed to the property, or (b) for the purchase of equipment used in the construction of such enlargement or general improvements.

(5) A municipal electric utility may enter into a contract for the enlargement or improvement of the electric system or for the purchase of equipment used for such enlargement or improvement without advertising for bids if the price is: (a) Thirty thousand dollars or less; (b) sixty thousand dollars or less and the municipal electric utility has gross annual revenue from retail sales in excess of one million dollars; (c) ninety thousand dollars or less and the municipal electric utility has gross annual revenue from retail sales in excess of five million dollars; or (d) one hundred twenty thousand dollars or less and the municipal electric utility has gross annual revenue from retail sales in excess of ten million dollars.

(6) The advertisement provided for in subsections (3) and (4) of this section shall be published at least seven days prior to the bid closing in a legal newspaper published in or of general circulation in the city. In case of a public emergency resulting from infectious or contagious diseases, destructive windstorms, floods, snow, war, or an exigency or pressing necessity or unforeseen need calling for immediate action or remedy to prevent a serious loss of, or serious injury or damage to, life, health, or property, estimates of costs and advertising for bids may be waived in the emergency ordinance authorized by section 16-405 when adopted by a three-fourths vote of the council and entered of record.

(7) If, after advertising for bids as provided in subsections (3), (4), and (6) of this section, the city council receives fewer than two bids on a contract or if the bids received by the city council contain a price which exceeds the estimated cost, the mayor and the city council may negotiate a contract in an attempt to complete the proposed enlargement or general improvements at a cost commensurate with the estimate given.

(8) If the materials are of such a nature that, in the opinion of the manufacturer and with the concurrence of the city council or board of public works, no cost can be estimated until the materials have been manufactured or assembled to the specific qualifications of the purchasing municipality, the city council or board of public works may authorize the manufacture and assemblage of such materials and may thereafter approve the estimated cost expenditure when it is provided by the manufacturer.

Any municipal bidding procedure may be waived by the city council or board of public works (1) when materials or equipment are purchased at the same price and from the same seller as materials or equipment which have formerly been obtained pursuant to the state bidding procedure in sections 81-145 to 81-162 or (2) when the contract is negotiated directly with a sheltered workshop pursuant to section 48-1503.

The mayor and council may, whenever they deem it expedient, employ a special engineer to make or assist in making any particular estimate or survey; and any estimate or survey made by such special engineer shall have the same validity and serve in all respects as though the same had been made by the city engineer.

The chief of police shall have the immediate superintendence of the police. He or she and the police officers shall have the power and the duty to arrest all offenders against the laws of the state or of the city, by day or by night, in the same manner as a sheriff and to keep such offenders in the city prison or other place to prevent their escape until a trial or examination may be had before the proper officer. The chief of police and police officers shall have the same power as the sheriff in relation to all criminal matters arising out of a violation of a city ordinance and all process issued by the county court in connection with a violation of a city ordinance.

The street commissioner shall be subject to the orders of the mayor and council by resolution, have general charge, direction and control of all work in the streets, sidewalks, culverts and bridges of the city, except matters in charge of the board of public works, and shall perform such other duties as the council may require.

(1) There may be in each city a board of public works which shall consist of three members, each having a three-year term of office, or five members, each having a five-year term of office, the number to be set by ordinance, which members shall be residents of such city and be appointed by the mayor by and with the assent of the council. When such board is first established, one member shall be appointed for a term of one year, one for two years, and one for three years and, in the case of a five-member board, an additional member shall be so appointed for four years and another for five years. Thereafter, as their terms expire, all members shall be appointed for a full term of three or five years as the case may be. The mayor, by and with the assent of the council, shall designate one of the members of such board to be the chairperson thereof.

(2) Each of the members of the board of public works shall, before entering upon the discharge of his or her duties, take an oath to discharge faithfully the duties of the office.

(3) It shall be the duty of the board of public works to (a) make contracts on behalf of the city for the performance of all such work and erection of all such improvements in the manner provided in section 16-321, (b) superintend the performance of all such work and the erection of all such improvements, (c) approve the estimates of the city engineer, which may be made from time to time, of the value of the work as the same may progress, (d) accept any work done or improvements made when the same shall be fully completed according to contract, subject to the approval of the mayor and council, and (e) perform such other duties as may be conferred upon such board by ordinance.

(4) Any member of the board of public works may at any time be removed from office by the mayor and a majority of the council, and the proceedings in regard thereto shall be entered in the journal of the council.

The emoluments of any elective officer shall not be increased or diminished during the term for which he was elected, except that when there are officers elected to the council, or to a board or commission having more than one member and the terms of one or more members commence and end at different times, the compensation of all members of such council, board, or commission may be increased or diminished at the beginning of the full term of any member thereof. No person who shall have resigned or vacated any office shall be eligible to the same during the time for which he was elected when, during the same time, the emoluments have been increased.

The mayor or council shall have power, when he, she, or they deem it necessary, to require any officer of the city to exhibit his or her accounts or other papers and make reports to the council, in writing, touching any subject or matter they may require pertaining to the office.

Regular meetings of the council shall be held at such times as may be fixed by ordinance and special meetings whenever called by the mayor or any four council members. A majority of all the members elected to the council shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of any business, except as otherwise required by law, but a less number may adjourn, from time to time, and compel the attendance of absent members. An affirmative vote of not less than one-half of the elected members shall be required for the transaction of any business.

The council shall elect one of the council members as president of the council and he or she shall preside at all meetings of the council in the absence of the mayor. In the absence of the president, the council members shall elect one of their own body to occupy the place temporarily, who shall be styled acting president of the council. The president and acting president, when occupying the place of mayor, shall have the same privileges as other members of the council, and all acts of the president or acting president while so acting shall be as binding upon the council and upon the city as if done by the mayor.

All ordinances shall be passed pursuant to such rules and regulations as the council may provide, and all such ordinances may be proved by the certificate of the clerk under the seal of the city. When printed or published in book or pamphlet form and purporting to be published by authority of the city, such ordinances shall be read and received in evidence in all courts and places without further proof. The passage, approval, and publication or posting of said ordinance shall be sufficiently proved by a certificate under the seal of the city, from the clerk thereof, showing that such ordinance was passed and approved, and when and in what paper the same was published, and when and by whom and where the same was posted. When ordinances are published in book or pamphlet form, purporting to be published by authority of the city council, the same need not be otherwise published; and such book or pamphlet shall be received as evidence of the passage and legal publication of such ordinances, as of the dates mentioned in such book or pamphlet, in all courts without further proof.

(1) All ordinances and resolutions or orders for the appropriation or payment of money shall require for their passage or adoption the concurrence of a majority of all members elected to the council. The mayor may vote on any such matter when his or her vote will provide the additional vote required to create a number of votes equal to a majority of the number of members elected to the council, and the mayor shall, for the purpose of such vote, be deemed to be a member of the council.

(2) Ordinances of a general or permanent nature shall be read by title on three different days unless three-fourths of the council members vote to suspend this requirement, except that in a city having a commission form of government such requirement may be suspended by a three-fifths majority vote. Regardless of the form of government, such requirement shall not be suspended for any ordinance for the annexation of territory. In case such requirement is suspended, the ordinances shall be read by title or number and then moved for final passage. Three-fourths of the council members may require a reading of any such ordinance in full before enactment under either procedure set out in this section, except that in a city having a commission form of government such reading may be required by a three-fifths majority vote.

(3) Ordinances shall contain no subject which is not clearly expressed in the title, and, except as provided in section 19-915, no ordinance or section thereof shall be revised or amended unless the new ordinance contains the entire ordinance or section as revised or amended and the ordinance or section so amended is repealed, except that:

(a) For an ordinance revising all the ordinances of the city, the only title necessary shall be An ordinance of the city of .........., revising all the ordinances of the city. Under such title all the ordinances may be revised in sections and chapters or otherwise, may be corrected, added to, and any part suppressed, and may be repealed with or without a saving clause as to the whole or any part without other title; and

(b) For an ordinance used solely to revise ordinances or code sections or to enact new ordinances or code sections in order to adopt statutory changes made by the Legislature which are specific and mandatory and bring the ordinances or code sections into conformance with state law, the title need only state that the ordinance revises those ordinances or code sections affected by or enacts ordinances or code sections generated by legislative changes. Under such title, all such ordinances or code sections may be revised, repealed, or enacted in sections and chapters or otherwise by a single ordinance without other title.

The style of ordinances shall be: "Be it ordained by the mayor and council of the city of ................," and all ordinances of a general nature shall, within fifteen days after they are passed, be published in some newspaper published within the city, or in pamphlet form, to be distributed or sold, as may be provided by ordinance; and every ordinance fixing a penalty or forfeiture for its violation shall, before the same takes effect, be published for at least one week in some manner above prescribed; Provided, in cases of riots, infectious diseases or other impending danger, or any other emergency requiring its immediate operation, such ordinance shall take effect upon the proclamation of the mayor immediately upon its first publication as above provided.

The council or any committee of the members thereof shall have power to compel the attendance of witnesses for the investigation of matters that may come before them; and the presiding officer of the council, or chairman of such committee for the time being, may administer such requisite oaths; and such council or committee shall have the same authority to compel the giving of testimony as is conferred on courts of justice.

No contract shall be made by the city council or any committee or member thereof and no expense shall be incurred by any of the officers or departments of the corporation, whether the object of the expenditure shall have been ordered by the city council or not, unless an appropriation shall have been previously made concerning such expense, except as herein otherwise expressly provided.

No officer shall receive any pay or perquisites from the city other than his or her salary, as provided by ordinance and the law relating to cities of the first class, and the city council shall not pay or appropriate any money or any valuable thing to any person not an officer for the performance of any act, service, or duty, the doing or performance of which shall come within the proper scope of the duties of any officer of such corporation, unless the same is specifically appropriated and ordered by a vote of three-fourths of all the members elected to the council.

On the passage or adoption of every resolution or order to enter into a contract, or accepting of work done under contract, by the mayor or council, the yeas and nays shall be called and entered upon the record. To pass or adopt any bylaw or ordinance or any such resolution or order, a concurrence of a majority of the whole number of the members elected to the council shall be required. The mayor may vote on any such matter when his or her vote will provide the additional vote required to create a number of votes equal to a majority of the number of members elected to the council, and the mayor shall, for the purpose of such vote, be deemed to be a member of the council. The requirements of a roll call or viva voce vote shall be satisfied by a city which utilizes an electronic voting device which allows the yeas and nays of each council member to be readily seen by the public.

Payment of damages assessed for the appropriation of private property for streets, alleys or boulevards in cities of the first class may be made out of the general or any other surplus fund.

The council may assess and levy the whole expense and damage incurred in the creation of any street, avenue, or alley upon the real property fronting upon the same and other property nearby that may be benefited thereby in proportions according to benefits. Such assessments and levy shall be made by resolution, at a regular meeting of the council, and notice of the time of such meeting and that such assessments will be made thereat shall be published in a newspaper in said city ten days before such meeting. Such special taxes shall be due and payable to the city treasurer in thirty days after the assessment and levy. At the time of the next certification to the county clerk for general revenue purposes, such special assessment and levy, so far as not then paid, shall be certified to the county clerk and be put upon the tax list and be collected as other real estate taxes are collected, and paid over to the city treasurer to reimburse the city. Such special taxes shall be a lien on the property upon which assessed and levied from the assessment, and shall bear interest at a rate not to exceed the rate of interest specified in section 45-104.01, as such rate may from time to time be adjusted by the Legislature, from the time due until paid. The proceedings for widening streets shall be the same as herein provided for creating new streets, and shall apply to the widening of streets, alleys, and avenues.

(1) Payment of damages assessed for the appropriation of private property for any of the other purposes mentioned in section 19-709 may be made by the sale of the negotiable bonds of the city, and for that purpose the mayor and council shall have power to borrow money and to pledge the property and credit of the city upon its negotiable bonds or otherwise in an amount not exceeding in the aggregate two hundred thousand dollars.

(2) No such bonds, referred to in subsection (1) of this section, shall be issued by the city council until the question of issuing the same shall have been submitted to the electors of the city at an election called and held for that purpose, notice of which election shall have been given by publication once each week three successive weeks prior thereto in some legal newspaper published in or of general circulation in such city, and a majority of the electors voting on the proposition shall have voted in favor of issuing such bonds. The proposition shall not be submitted until after the appraisers referred to in section 76-710 have made their report fixing the amount of the damages for the property appropriated. If the proposition fails to carry, it shall be equivalent to a repeal of the ordinance authorizing the appropriation proceedings, and the city shall not be bound in any way on account of the appropriation proceedings referred to in section 19-709.

(3) When the bonds, referred to in subsections (1) and (2) of this section, are for the purpose of purchasing any system or portion of a system already in existence, it shall not be necessary for the city engineer to make or the city council to adopt any plans or specifications for the work already in existence, but only for proposed changes or additional work.

All cities of the first class upon condemning private property, shall cause to be recorded an accurate plat and a clear, definite description of the property so taken in the office of the register of deeds for the county within which such city is located, within sixty days after the other legal steps for the acquisition of such title shall have been taken.

The council shall have power to open, control, name, rename, extend, widen, narrow, vacate, grade, curb, gutter, park, and pave or otherwise to improve and control and keep in good repair and condition, in any manner it may deem proper, any street, avenue, or alley, or public park or square, or part of either, within or without the limits of the city, and it may grade partially or to the established grade, or park or otherwise improve any width or part of any such street, avenue, or alley. When the city vacates all or any portion of a street, avenue, or alley, or public park or square, or part of either, the city shall, within thirty days after the effective date of the vacation, file a certified copy of the vacating ordinance with the register of deeds for the county in which the vacated property is located to be indexed against all affected lots.

Whenever any street of any city of the first class is partly inside the city and partly outside the city, and the land outside the city abutting on such street is an industrial tract or a school site, or the property of the state or any political subdivision thereof, such street may be included in any street improvement project of the city upon the written agreement thereto of the owner or owners of such land outside the city, which agreement shall subject such land to the assessment of costs of the benefits resulting from the improvement. Except as provided in this section, any such improvement shall be subject to the provisions of sections 16-609 to 16-655.

The mayor and city council shall have the care, supervision and control of all public highways, bridges, streets, alleys, public squares and commons, and shall cause the same to be kept open and in repair and free from nuisances.

(1) Upon the vacation of any street or alley by the city, the title to such property shall vest in the owners of the abutting property and become a part of such property, one-half on each side thereof, unless the city reserves title in the ordinance vacating such street or alley. If title is retained by the city, such property may be sold, conveyed, exchanged, or leased upon such terms and conditions as shall be deemed in the best interests of the city.

(2) When a portion of a street or alley is vacated only on one side of the center thereof, the title to such property shall vest in the owner of the abutting property and become part of such property unless the city reserves title in the ordinance vacating a portion of such street or alley. If title is retained by the city, such property may be sold, conveyed, exchanged, or leased upon such terms and conditions as shall be deemed in the best interests of the city.

(3) When the city vacates all or any portion of a street or alley, the city shall, within thirty days after the effective date of the vacation, file a certified copy of the vacating ordinance with the register of deeds for the county in which the vacated property is located to be indexed against all affected lots.

(4) The title to property vacated pursuant to this section shall be subject to the following:

(a) There is reserved to the city the right to maintain, operate, repair, and renew public utilities existing at the time title to the property is vacated there; and

(b) There is reserved to the city, any public utilities, and any cable television systems the right to maintain, repair, renew, and operate water mains, gas mains, pole lines, conduits, electrical transmission lines, sound and signal transmission lines, and other similar services and equipment and appurtenances, including lateral connections or branch lines, above, on, or below the surface of the ground that are existing as valid easements at the time title to the property is vacated for the purposes of serving the general public or the abutting properties and to enter upon the premises to accomplish such purposes at any and all reasonable times.

All public bridges within such city, exceeding sixty feet in length, and the approaches thereto, over any stream crossing a county highway, shall be constructed and kept in repair by the county. When any city has constructed or repaired a bridge over sixty-feet span with approaches thereto, on any county highway within its corporate limits, and has incurred a debt for the same, then the treasurer of the county in which said bridge is located shall pay to the treasurer of the city seventy-five percent of all bridge taxes collected in said city until said debt and interest upon the same are fully paid. The city council may appropriate a sum not exceeding five dollars per linear foot to aid in the construction of any county bridge within the limits of such city, or may appropriate a like sum to aid in the construction of any bridge contiguous to said city on a highway leading to the same.

The mayor and city council may provide for regulating and requiring the numbering of houses along public streets or avenues.

The mayor and council shall have power by ordinance to establish the grade of any street, avenue, or alley in the city or within a county industrial area as defined in section 13-1111 contiguous to such city. When the grade of any street, avenue, or alley has been established, the grade of all or any part shall not be changed unless the city clerk has sent notice of the proposed change in grade to the owners of the lots or land abutting upon the street, avenue, or alley or part of a street, avenue, or alley where such change of grade is to be made. The notice shall be sent to the addresses of the owners as they shall appear in the office of the register of deeds upon the date of the mailing of the notice. The notice shall be sent by regular United States mail, postage prepaid, postmarked at least twenty-one days before the date upon which the city council takes final action on approval of the ordinance authorizing the change in grade. The notice shall inform the owner of the nature of the proposed change, that final action by the city council is pending, and of the location where additional information on the project may be obtained. Following the adoption of an ordinance changing the grade of all or any part of a street, avenue, or alley, no change in grade shall be made until the damages to property owners which may be caused by such change of grade are determined as provided in sections 76-704 to 76-724.

For the purpose of paying the damages, if any, so awarded, the mayor and council shall have power to borrow money from any available fund in the amount necessary, which amount, upon the collection of the same by special assessment, shall be transferred from such special fund to the fund from which it has been borrowed. No street, avenue, or alley shall be worked to such grade or change of grade until the damages so assessed shall be tendered to such property owners or their agents. Before the mayor and council enter into any contract to grade any such street, avenue, or alley, the damages, if any, sustained by the property owners, shall be ascertained by condemnation proceedings. For the purpose of paying the damages awarded and the costs of the condemnation proceedings, the mayor and city council shall have power to levy a special tax upon the lots and lands abutting upon such street, avenue, or alley, or part thereof, so graded, as adjudged by the mayor and council to be especially benefited in proportion to such benefits. Such special tax or taxes shall be collected as other special taxes.

The mayor and council shall have power to make improvements of any street, streets, alley, alleys, or any part of any street, streets, alley or alleys, in said city, a street which divides the city corporate area and the area adjoining the city, or within a county industrial area as defined in section 13-1111 contiguous to such city, and for that purpose to create suitable improvement districts, which shall be consecutively numbered; and such work shall be done under contract. Such districts may include properties within the corporate limits, adjoining the corporate limits, and within county industrial areas as defined in section 13-1111 contiguous to such cities.

As used in sections 16-617 to 16-649, improvement shall include but shall not be limited to paving, repaving, graveling, grading, curbing, guttering, and the construction and replacement of pedestrian walks, plazas, malls, landscaping, lighting systems and permanent facilities used in connection therewith.

Any paving district or other improvement district shall include only portions of different streets, or portions of town alleys, or portions of each, which abut or adjoin so that such district, when created, makes up one continuous or extended street or more, except that the district may include a cul de sac, any street, alley, or portion thereof which is closed at one end or which connects with only one other existing street, alley, or portion thereof. Any paving or other improvement district may include portions of different streets, or portions of different alleys, or portions of each, provided they abut or connect with each other, or provided the several portions abut on pavement or gravel already laid, or any other of aforesaid improvements already laid.

The mayor and council shall first, by ordinance, create a paving, graveling or other improvement district or districts. The mayor and clerk shall, after the passage, approval, and publication of such ordinance, publish notice of the creation of any such district or districts one time each week for not less than twenty days in a daily or weekly newspaper of general circulation published in the city.

If the owners of the record title representing more than fifty percent of the front footage of the property abutting or adjoining any continuous or extended street, cul de sac, or alley of the district, or portion thereof which is closed at one end, and who were such owners at the time the ordinance creating the district was published, shall file with the city clerk, within twenty days from the first publication of said notice, written objections to the improvement of a district, said work shall not be done in said district under said ordinance, but said ordinance shall be repealed. If objections are not filed against any district in the time and manner aforesaid, the mayor and council shall forthwith proceed to construct such improvement.

In advertising for bids for paving, repaving, graveling or macadamizing, the mayor and council may provide for bids on different materials and types of construction, and shall in addition provide for asking bids on any material or materials that may be suggested by petition of owners of the record title representing twenty-five percent of the abutting property owners in a district, if such petition is filed with the city clerk before advertisement for bids is ordered. On opening of bids for paving or repaving in any such district, the mayor and council shall postpone action thereon for a period of not less than ten days. During said period of postponement, the owners of the record title representing a majority of the abutting property owners in a district may file with the city clerk a petition for the use of a particular material for paving for which a bid has been received, in which event a bid on that material shall be accepted and the work shall be done with that material; Provided, the above regulations as to advertising for bids and opening of bids and postponing of action thereon and the right of selection of materials shall not apply in case of graveling. In case such owners fail to designate the material they desire used in such paving or repaving, or macadamizing, in the manner and within the time above provided, the mayor and council shall determine upon the material to be used; Provided, the mayor and council may in any event, at their option, reject all bids and readvertise if, in their judgment, the public interest requires.

A city of the first class may improve its streets and alleys by the use of salt stabilized base or armor coating in the same manner, to the same extent, and with the same limitations as provided by law for paving or repaving such streets or alleys. All provisions of law respecting paving or repaving by a city of the first class shall apply to any improvements made under the authority of this section.

The cost of making such improvements of the streets and alleys within any street improvement district shall be assessed upon the lots and lands in such districts specially benefited thereby in proportion to such benefits. The amounts thereof shall, except as provided in sections 19-2428 to 19-2431, be determined by the mayor and council under the provisions of section 16-615. The assessment of the special tax for the cost of such improvements, except as provided in this section, shall be levied at one time and shall become delinquent in equal annual installments over such period of years, not to exceed twenty, as the mayor and city council may determine at the time of making the levy, the first such installment to become delinquent in fifty days after the date of such levy. Each of said installments, including those for graveling and the construction and replacement of pedestrian walks, plazas, malls, landscaping, lighting systems, and permanent facilities used in connection therewith as hereinafter provided, except the first, shall draw interest at a rate established by the mayor and council not exceeding the rate of interest specified in section 45-104.01, as such rate may from time to time be adjusted by the Legislature, from the time of levy until the same shall become delinquent. After the same shall become delinquent, interest at the rate specified in section 45-104.01, as such rate may from time to time be adjusted by the Legislature, shall be paid thereon. Should there be three or more of said installments delinquent and unpaid on the same property the mayor and city council may by resolution declare all future installments on such delinquent property to be due on a future fixed date. The resolution shall set forth the description of the property and the names of its record title owners and shall provide that all future installments shall become delinquent upon the date fixed. A copy of such resolution shall be published one time each week for not less than twenty days in a legal newspaper of general circulation published in the city and after the fixed date such future installments shall be deemed to be delinquent and the city may proceed to enforce and collect the total amount due and all future installments. As to assessments for graveling alone and without guttering or curbing, one-third of the total amount assessed against each lot or parcel of land shall become delinquent in fifty days after the date of the levy of the same, one-third in one year, and one-third in two years.

For the purpose of paying the cost of improving the streets, avenues or alleys in any such district, exclusive of intersections of streets or avenues, or spaces opposite alleys therein, the mayor and council shall have power and may, by ordinance, cause to be issued bonds of the city, to be called Street Improvement Bonds of District No. ....., payable in not exceeding twenty years from date, and bearing interest, payable either annually or semiannually, with interest coupons attached. In such cases they shall also provide that said special taxes and assessments shall constitute a sinking fund for the payment of said bonds; Provided, the entire cost of improving any such street, avenue or alley, properly chargeable to any lot or land within any such improvement district according to the front footage thereof, may be paid by the owners of such lots or lands within fifty days from the levying of such special taxes, and thereupon such lot or lands shall be exempt from any lien or charge therefor.

Whenever the owners of lots or lands abutting upon any street, avenue, or alley within the city, representing three-fourths of the front footage thereon, so that such district when created will make up one continuous or extended thoroughfare or more, shall petition the mayor and council to make improvement of such street, avenue, or alley without cost to the city, and to assess the entire cost of any such improvements in any such street, avenue, or alley, including intersections of streets or avenues and spaces opposite alleys, against the private property within such improvement district or districts, it shall be the duty of the mayor and council to create the proper improvement district or districts, which shall be consecutively numbered, and to improve the same and to proceed in the same manner and form as hereinbefore provided for in other paving and improvement districts; Provided, the mayor and council shall have power to levy the entire cost of such improvements of any such street, avenue, or alley, including intersections of streets or avenues and spaces opposite alleys, against the private property within such district, and to issue Street Improvement Bonds of District No. ..... to pay for such improvements in the same manner and form as hereinbefore provided for in other improvement bonds. Such bonds shall be issued to cover the entire cost of so improving such streets or avenues, intersections of the same, and spaces opposite alleys. If the assessments hereinbefore provided for, or any part thereof, shall fail, or for any reason shall be invalid, the mayor and council may make other and further assessments upon such lots or lands as may be required to collect from the same the cost of any improvements properly chargeable thereto, as herein provided. The mayor and city council shall have the discretion to deny the formation of the proposed district when the area to be improved has not previously been improved with a water system, sewer system, and grading of streets. If the mayor and city council should deny a requested improvement district formation, they shall state their grounds for such denial in a written letter to interested parties.

The cost of improving the intersections of streets or avenues and spaces opposite alleys in such district, except as hereinbefore specially provided, shall be paid by the city as hereinafter provided; but nothing herein contained shall be construed to exempt any street or other railway company from improving with such material as the mayor and council may order, its whole right-of-way including all space between and one foot beyond the outer rails, at its own cost, whenever any street or avenue shall be ordered improved by the mayor and council of the city as provided by law; Provided, no street or other railway company shall enter upon or occupy any paved street or avenue, within five years after such paving shall have been completed, until it shall pay into the city treasury the original cost of paving between and one foot beyond the outer rails, which sum shall be credited on the special assessment upon the abutted lots; and if the special assessment shall have been paid, then the money shall be paid, by warrant, to the party who has already paid such special assessment.

For all improvements of the intersections and areas formed by the crossing of streets, avenues or alleys, and one-half of the streets adjacent to real estate owned by the United States, the State of Nebraska, or the city, the assessment shall be made upon all the taxable property of the city; and for the payment of such improvements, the mayor and council or the city commissioners are hereby authorized to issue improvement bonds of the city in such denominations as they deem proper, to be called Intersection Improvement Bonds, payable in not to exceed twenty years from date of said bonds and to bear interest payable annually or semiannually. Such bonds shall not be issued in excess of the cost of said improvements. For the purpose of making partial payments as the work progresses in making the improvements of streets, avenues, alleys or intersections and areas formed by the crossing of streets, avenues, or alleys, or one-half of the streets adjacent to real estate owned by the United States, the State of Nebraska, or the city, warrants may be issued by the mayor and council upon certificates of the engineer in charge showing the amount of the work completed and materials necessarily purchased and delivered for the orderly and proper continuation of the project, in a sum not exceeding ninety-five percent of the cost thereof, and upon completion and acceptance of the work issue a final warrant for the balance of the amount due the contractor, which warrants shall be redeemed and paid upon the sale of bonds authorized by law. The city shall pay to the contractor interest at the rate of eight percent per annum on the amounts due on partial and final payments beginning forty-five days after the certification of the amounts due by the engineer in charge and approval by the governing body, and running until the date that the warrant is tendered to the contractor. Nothing herein shall be construed as authorizing the mayor and council to make improvements of any intersections or areas formed by the crossing of streets, avenues or alleys, unless in connection with one or more blocks of any of aforesaid kinds or forms of street improvement of which the improvement of such intersection or areas shall form a part.

The cost and expense of improving, constructing, or repairing streets, avenues, alleys and sidewalks, at their intersections, may be included in the special tax levied for the construction or improvement of any one street, avenue, alley or sidewalk, as may be deemed best by the council.

Such special taxes shall be due and may be collected as the improvements are completed in front of or along or upon any block or piece of ground, or at the time the improvement is entirely completed or otherwise, as shall be provided in the ordinance levying the tax.

Curbing and guttering shall not be required or ordered to be laid on any street, avenue or alley not ordered to be paved, repaved, graveled or macadamized, except on a petition of the owners of two-thirds of the front footage of property abutting along the line of that portion of the street, avenue or alley which is to be curbed or guttered.

When such petition is presented, a curbing and guttering district shall be formed, which district shall be governed by the provisions of section 16-630. Any bonds issued on account of such district shall be known as Bonds of Curbing and Guttering District No. ........ .

Whenever curbing, or curbing and guttering, is done upon any street, avenue or alley in any paving, repaving, graveling or macadamizing district in which paving or other such improvement aforesaid has been ordered, and the mayor and council shall deem it expedient to do so, they shall have the power and authority, for the purpose of paying the cost of such curbing, or curbing and guttering, to cause to be issued bonds of the city, to be called Curbing and Guttering Bonds of Paving District No. ....., payable in not exceeding ten years from date, bearing interest, payable annually or semiannually, with interest coupons attached. In all cases they shall assess at one time the total cost of such curbing and guttering, or curbing, as the case may be, upon the property abutting or adjacent to the portion of the street, avenue or alley so improved, according to the special benefits. Such assessments shall become delinquent the same as the assessments of special taxes for paving, repaving, graveling or macadamizing purposes, draw the same rate of interest, be subject to the same penalties, and may be paid in the same manner, as special taxes for said purpose. The special tax so assessed shall constitute a sinking fund for the payment of such bonds and interest, and the bonds shall not be sold for less than their par value.

Where an improvement district has been established, an improvement thereon constructed, and curbing or curbing and guttering is therewith constructed, and it becomes necessary to issue and sell street improvement bonds to pay for the cost of construction of same, and also for the cost of construction of the curbing, or curbing and guttering, the mayor and city council may, at their discretion, if they deem the same advisable, include the cost of curbing, or curbing and guttering, with the cost of the other improvement in said paving or other improvement district, and issue bonds for the combined cost of the improvement and curbing, or curbing and guttering, in any of said districts, naming the bonds Street Improvement Bonds of District No. ........ . The amount of money necessary for the payment of said bonds shall be levied upon and collected from abutting and adjacent property, and property specially benefited, the same as is provided for collection of a special tax for the payment of street improvement bonds.

In order to defray the costs and expenses of such improvements or any of them, the mayor and council shall have power and authority to levy and collect special taxes and assessments upon the lots and pieces of ground adjacent to or abutting upon the street, avenue, alley or sidewalk, thus in whole or in part improved or repaired or which may be specially benefited by such improvements; Provided, the above provisions shall not apply to ordinary repairs of streets or alleys, and the cost of such repair shall be paid out of the road fund; and the mayor and council are authorized to draw warrants against said fund not to exceed eighty-five percent of the amount levied as soon as levy shall be made by the county board.

If, in any city of the first class, there shall be any real estate belonging to any county, school district, city, municipal or other quasi-municipal corporation abutting upon the street, avenue or alley whereon paving or other special improvements have been ordered, it shall be the duty of the county board, board of education or other proper officers to pay such special taxes; and, in the event of the neglect or refusal of such board or other officers to pay such taxes, or to levy and collect the taxes necessary to pay for such improvements, the city may recover the amount of such special taxes in a proper action. The judgment thus obtained may be enforced in the usual manner, and the signatures of such corporations to all petitions shall have like force and effect as that of other owners.

If, in any city of the first class, there shall be any real estate of any minor or protected person, the guardian or conservator of such minor or protected person may sign any petition herein referred to, and such signature shall have like force and effect as that of other owners.

The word lot as used herein shall be taken to mean lot as described and designated upon the record plat of any such city, or within a county industrial area as defined in section 13-1111 contiguous to such city; and in case there is no recorded plat of any such city or county industrial area, it shall mean a lot as described and designated upon any generally recognized map of any such city or county industrial area. The word land shall mean any subdivided or unplatted real estate in such city or county industrial area; Provided, if the lots and real estate abutting upon that part of the street ordered improved, as shown upon any recorded plat or map, are not of uniform depth, or, if for any reason, it shall appear just and proper to the mayor and council, they are authorized and empowered to determine and establish the depth to which such real estate shall be charged and assessed with the costs of the improvement, which shall be determined and established according to the benefits accruing to the property by reason of such improvements. Real estate may be so charged and assessed to a greater depth than lots as shown on any such plat or map.

The mayor and council may, in their discretion, include all the real estate to be charged and assessed with the cost of such improvements in the improvement districts hereinbefore provided for, but are not required to do so; and the mayor and council may, in their discretion, in determining whether the requisite majority of owners who are hereinbefore authorized to petition for improvements, and to object to the improvements and to determine the kind of material to be used therefor, have joined in such petition, determination or objections, consider and take into account all the owners of real estate to be charged and assessed with the cost of any of said improvements, or only such as own lots, parts of lots, and real estate which, in fact, abut upon the part of the street, avenue or alley proposed to be so improved. The provisions of this section, in regard to the depth to which real estate may be charged and assessed, shall apply to all special taxes that may be levied by the mayor and council in any such city in proportion to the front footage.

Any party feeling aggrieved by any special tax or assessment, or proceeding for improvements, may pay the said special taxes assessed and levied upon his, her or its property, or such installments thereof as may be due at any time before the same shall become delinquent, under protest, and with notice in writing to the city treasurer that he, she or it intends to sue to recover the same, which notice shall particularly state the alleged grievance and the ground thereof. Such party shall have the right to bring a civil action within sixty days thereafter, and not later, to recover so much of the special tax paid as he, she or it shows to be illegal, inequitable and unjust, the costs to follow the judgment or to be apportioned by the court, as may seem proper, which remedy shall be exclusive. The city treasurer shall promptly report all such notices to the city council for such action as may be proper. No court shall entertain any complaint that the party was authorized to make and did not make to the city council, sitting as a board of equalization, nor any complaint not specified in said notice fully enough to advise the city of the exact nature thereof, nor any complaint that does not go to the groundwork, equity, and justness of such tax. The burden of proof to show such tax or part thereof invalid, inequitable and unjust shall rest upon the party who brings the suit.

In all cases of damages arising from the creation or widening of new streets, avenues, or alleys, from the appropriation of property for sewers, parks, parkways, public squares, public heating plants, power plants, gas works, electric light plants, waterworks, or market places, and from change of grade in streets, avenues, or alleys, the damages sustained shall be ascertained and determined as provided in sections 76-704 to 76-724, except as to property specifically excluded by section 76-703 and as to which sections 19-701 to 19-707 or the Municipal Natural Gas System Condemnation Act is applicable.

In every case of the levy of special taxes, the same shall be a lien on the property on which levied from date of levy and shall be due and payable to the city treasurer thirty days after such levy when not otherwise provided; and, at the time of the next certification for general revenue purposes to the county clerk, if not previously paid, the special taxes, except paving, repaving, graveling, macadamizing, and curbing or curbing and guttering shall be certified to the county clerk and by him be placed upon the tax list and be collected as other real estate taxes are collected, and be paid over to the city treasurer; and paving, repaving, graveling, macadamizing and curbing, or curbing and guttering taxes may be so certified and collected by the county treasurer at the option of said city.

It shall be sufficient in any case to describe the lot or piece of ground as the same is platted and recorded although the same belongs to several persons; but, in case any lot or piece of ground belongs to different persons, the owner of any part thereof may pay his portion of the tax on such lot or piece of ground, and his proper share may be determined by the city treasurer.

All money received from special assessments may be applied to pay for the improvement for which assessed, or applied to reimburse the fund of the city from which the cost of the improvement may have been made.

All improvements of any streets, avenues or alleys in the city for which, or any part thereof, a special tax shall be levied, shall be done by contract with the lowest responsible bidder to be determined by the council.

When any improvement is completed according to contract, it shall be the duty of the city engineer to carefully inspect the same; and, if the improvement is found to be properly done, such engineer shall accept the same, and forthwith report his acceptance thereof to the board of public works or mayor, who shall report the same to the council with recommendation that the same be approved or disapproved; and the city council may confirm or reject such acceptance. When the ordinance levying the tax makes the same due as the improvement is completed in front of or along any block or piece of ground, the engineer may accept the same in sections from time to time, if found to be done according to the contract, reporting his acceptance as in other cases.

Whenever the owners of lots and lands abutting upon any street or alley, or part thereof, within the city, representing two-thirds of the feet front abutting upon such part of street or alley desired to be graded, shall petition the council to grade such street or alley, or part thereof, without cost to the city, the mayor and council shall order the grading done and assess the costs thereof against the property abutting upon such street or alley or such part thereof so graded. For this purpose the mayor and council shall create suitable grading districts, which shall be consecutively numbered.

The cost of grading the streets and alleys within any such grading district shall be assessed upon the lots and lands specially benefited thereby in such district in proportion to such benefits, to be determined by the mayor and council under the provisions of section 16-615. The assessment of special taxes for grading purposes herein provided for shall be levied at one time and shall become delinquent as follows: One-fifth of the total amount shall become delinquent in fifty days after such levy; one-fifth in one year; one-fifth in two years; one-fifth in three years; one-fifth in four years. Each of said installments, except the first, shall draw interest at a rate not to exceed the rate of interest specified in section 45-104.01, as such rate may from time to time be adjusted by the Legislature, from the time of the levy aforesaid until the same shall become delinquent; and, after the same shall become delinquent, interest at the rate specified in section 45-104.01, as such rate may from time to time be adjusted by the Legislature, shall be paid thereon, as in the case of other special taxes. The cost of grading the intersections of streets and spaces opposite alleys in any such district shall be paid by the city out of the general fund of such city.

For the purpose of paying the costs of grading the streets and alleys in such district, exclusive of the intersection of streets and spaces opposite alleys therein, the mayor and council shall have power, and may, by ordinance, cause to be issued bonds of the city, to be called District Grading Bonds of District No. ....., payable in not exceeding five years from date and to bear interest, payable annually or semiannually, with interest coupons attached, and that as nearly as possible an equal amount of the bonds shall be made to mature each year, and in such case shall also provide that such special taxes and assessments shall constitute a sinking fund for the payment of said bonds and interest; Provided, the entire cost of grading any such street or alley properly chargeable to any lots or lands within any such grading district, according to feet front thereof, may be paid by the owner of such lots or lands within fifty days from the levy of such special taxes; and thereupon such lot or land shall be exempt from any lien or charge therefor.

Whenever the owner of lots and lands abutting upon any street or avenue, alley or lane, or part thereof, representing three-fourths of the feet front abutting upon any such street or avenue, alley or lane, or part thereof, shall petition the mayor and council to grade the same, including the intersections of streets, avenues, or lanes and spaces opposite alleys and lanes, without cost to the city, and to assess the entire cost of grading such street, avenue, alley or lane or part thereof, including the intersections of streets, avenues or lanes and spaces opposite alleys or lanes, against the lots and lands abutting upon such street, avenue, alley or lane, or part thereof, so graded, thereupon the mayor and council shall create grading districts, make assessments, issue bonds, and proceed in the same manner as in cases of grading hereinbefore provided; Provided, bonds shall be issued to cover the entire cost of grading both the streets, avenues or alleys, and the intersections of streets or avenues and spaces opposite alleys.

The aggregate amount of such bonds issued in any one year shall not exceed fifty thousand dollars, and shall not be sold for less than their par value. If any assessment or part thereof shall fail or for any reason be invalid, the mayor and council may make such further assessments upon said lots or lands, as may be required, and collect from the owners the cost of any grading properly chargeable thereto, as herein provided; Provided, no street, avenue, alley or lane shall be so graded until the damages to property owners, if any, shall be ascertained by three disinterested freeholders to be appointed by the mayor and council and the proceedings to be the same in all respects as provided in section 16-615 for cases of change of grade.

The mayor and council may construct and repair, or cause and compel the construction and repair, of sidewalks in such city of such material and in such manner as they may deem necessary.

In case the owner or owners of any lot, lots or lands abutting on any street or avenue, or part thereof, shall fail to construct or repair any sidewalk in front of his, her or their lot, lots or lands within the time and in the manner as directed and requested by the mayor and council, after having received due notice to do so, they shall be liable for all damages or injury occasioned by reason of the defective or dangerous condition of any sidewalk; and the mayor and council shall have power to cause such sidewalk to be constructed or repaired and assess the cost thereof against such property.

The mayor and city council shall have power to provide for keeping the sidewalks clean and free from obstructions and accumulations of snow, ice, mud and slush, and may provide for the assessment and collection of taxes on real estate and for the sale and conveyance thereof to pay expenses of keeping the sidewalks adjacent to such real estate clean and free from obstructions and accumulations of snow, ice, mud and slush, and the mayor and city council shall also have power to provide that the violation of the ordinance relative thereto shall give rise to a cause of action for damages in favor of any person who is injured by the failure or neglect of the owner and occupant of the real estate to comply with the ordinance in question.

Such city shall have power to provide for the laying of permanent sidewalks. Upon the petition of any freeholder who desires to build such a permanent sidewalk, the mayor and council may order the same to be built, and that the cost of the same until paid shall be a perpetual lien upon the real estate along which the freeholder desires such sidewalk to be constructed, and the city may assess and levy the costs of same against such real estate in the manner provided by law. The total cost of the building of the permanent sidewalk shall be levied at one time upon the property along which such permanent sidewalk is to be built, and become delinquent as herein provided: One-seventh of the total cost shall become delinquent in ten days after such levy; one-seventh in one year; one-seventh in two years; one-seventh in three years; one-seventh in four years; one-seventh in five years; one-seventh in six years. Each of such installments, except the first, shall draw interest at a rate of not exceeding the rate of interest specified in section 45-104.01, as such rate may from time to time be adjusted by the Legislature, from the time of the levy aforesaid, until the same shall become delinquent; and after the same shall become delinquent interest at the rate specified in section 45-104.01, as such rate may from time to time be adjusted by the Legislature, shall be paid thereon as in the case of other special taxes. The council shall pay for the building of such permanent sidewalk out of the general fund. The mayor and council may pass an ordinance to carry into effect the provisions of this section.

The mayor and council may provide for the laying of permanent sidewalks and of temporary plank sidewalks upon the natural surface of the ground without regard to the grade, on streets not permanently improved, and provide for the assessment of the cost therein on the property in front of which the same shall be laid.

Assessments made under sections 16-250 and 16-665 shall be made and assessed in the following manner:

(1) Such assessments shall be made by the council at any meeting by a resolution fixing the costs of the construction or repair of such work along the lot adjacent thereto as a special assessment thereon, the amount charged against the same, which, with the vote thereon by yeas and nays, shall be spread at length upon the minutes; and notice of the time of holding such meeting and the purpose for which it is to be held shall be published in some newspaper published and of general circulation in the city at least ten days before the same shall be held, or in lieu thereof, personal service may be had upon persons owning or occupying property to be assessed;

(2) All such assessments shall be known as special assessments for improvements, and with the cost of notice shall be levied and collected as a special tax, in addition to the taxes for general revenue purposes, subject to the same penalties and collected in like manner as other city taxes; but such special assessment shall draw interest at a rate not to exceed the rate of interest specified in section 45-104.01, as such rate may from time to time be adjusted by the Legislature; and the same shall be certified to the county clerk at the same time as the next certification for general revenue purposes.

The city may, by ordinance, lay off the city into suitable districts for the purpose of establishing therein a system of sewerage and drainage and water service; to provide such systems and regulate the construction, repair, and use of the same; to compel all proper connections therewith and branches from other streets, avenues, and alleys, and from private property; and to provide a penalty not to exceed one hundred dollars for any obstruction or injury to any sewer or drain or water main or part thereof, or for failure to comply with the regulations therefor prescribed.

Upon formation by city ordinance of sewerage, drainage, and water service districts as described by section 16-667, the city shall mail copies of such city ordinance and this section to the owners of the record title of any property abutting upon the streets, avenues, or alleys, or parts thereof, which are within such district within twenty calendar days of the passage of the ordinance. The owners of the record title representing more than fifty percent of the front footage of the property abutting upon the streets, avenues, or alleys, or parts thereof which are within such a proposed district may, by petition, stop formation of such a district. Such written protest shall be submitted to the city council or clerk within thirty calendar days after publication of notice concerning the ordinance in a newspaper of general circulation in the city. Publication of such notice shall follow within ten calendar days after passage of such an ordinance. The mailing notice requirement of this section shall be satisfied by mailing a copy of the ordinance and this section by United States mail to the last-known address of the owners of the record title.

Upon formation of a district as provided in section 16-667.01, the mayor and council may order sewer or water mains to be laid in such district and the costs, to the extent of the special benefit, assessed against the lots and parcels of real estate in such district. The cost of sewer or water mains in excess of collections from special assessments under this section may be paid out of the sewer fund or water fund, or, if money in such fund is insufficient, out of the general fund of the city.

If, after ten days' notice by certified mail or publication in a newspaper of general circulation, a property owner fails to make such connections and comply with such regulations as the council may order in accordance with section 16-667.02, the council may order such connection be made, and assess the cost thereof against the property so benefited.

(1) Except as provided in subsection (2) of this section, the assessment of special taxes for sewer or water improvements in a district shall be levied at one time and shall become delinquent in equal annual installments over a period of years equal to the number of years for which the bonds for such project were issued pursuant to section 16-670. The first installment becomes delinquent fifty days after the making of such levy. Each installment, except the first, shall draw interest from the time of such levy until such installment becomes delinquent. After an installment becomes delinquent, interest at the rate specified in section 45-104.01, as such rate may from time to time be adjusted by the Legislature, shall be paid thereon until such installment is collected and paid. Such special taxes shall be collected and enforced as in cases of other special taxes and shall be a lien on such real estate from and after the date of the levy thereof. If three or more installments are delinquent and unpaid on the same property, the city council may by resolution declare all future installments on such delinquent property to be due on a future fixed date. The resolution shall set forth the description of the property and the names of its record title owners and shall provide that all future installments shall become delinquent upon the date fixed. A copy of such resolution shall be published one time each week for not less than twenty days in a legal newspaper of general circulation published in the city and after the fixed date such future installments shall be deemed to be delinquent and the city may proceed to enforce and collect the total amount due and all future installments.

(2) If the city incurs no new indebtedness pursuant to section 16-670 for sewer or water improvements in a district, the assessment of special taxes for sewer or water improvements shall be levied at one time and shall become delinquent in equal annual installments over such period of years as the city council determines at the time of making the levy to be reasonable and fair.

For the purpose of paying the cost of any such sewer or water improvements in any such district, the city council shall have the power and may by ordinance cause bonds of the city to be issued called District Sewer (Water) Bonds of District No. ....., payable in not exceeding twenty years from date and to bear interest payable annually or semiannually with interest coupons attached. All special assessments which may be levied upon properties specially benefited by such work or improvements shall, when collected, be set aside and constitute a sinking fund for the payment of the interest and principal of such bonds. The cost of such sewer or water improvements chargeable by special assessment to the private property within such district may be paid by the owners of such property within fifty days from the levy of such special assessments, and thereupon such property shall be exempt from any lien for the special assessment. Such bonds shall not be sold for less than their par value and if any assessment or any part thereof fails or for any reason is invalid, the city council may make such other and further assessments on such lots or lands as may be required to collect from the lots or lands the cost of any such sewer or water improvements properly chargeable to the lots or lands as provided in this section. If such assessments or any part thereof fails or for any reason is invalid, the city council may, without further notice, make such other and further assessments on such lots or lands as may be required to collect from the lots or lands the cost of such improvement properly chargeable to the lots or lands as provided in this section. Nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent a city from paying the cost of sewer or water improvements from revenue bonds as otherwise provided by law. When revenue bonds are issued to pay the cost of sewer or water improvements, the city council may provide that the collections from any related special assessment district shall be allocated to the gross revenue of the appropriate utility system.

For the purpose of paying the cost of construction of such sewer mains or water mains, or both, the mayor and council shall have power to issue warrants in amounts not to exceed the total sum of the special assessments above provided for, which said warrants shall bear interest at such rate as the mayor and council shall order. When there are no funds immediately available for the payment thereof, said warrants shall be registered in the manner provided for the registration of other warrants, and called and paid whenever there are funds available for the purpose in the manner provided for the calling and paying of other warrants. For the purpose of paying said warrants and the interest thereon from the time of their registration until paid, the special assessments above provided for shall be kept as they are paid and collected in a fund to be designated and known as the Sewer and Water Extension Fund into which all money levied for such improvements shall be paid as collected, and out of which all warrants issued for such purposes shall be paid.

For the purpose of making partial payments as the work progresses, warrants may be issued by the mayor and city council upon certificates of the engineer in charge showing the amount of work completed and materials necessarily purchased and delivered for the orderly and proper continuation of the project in a total amount not to exceed ninety-five percent of the cost thereof and upon the completion and acceptance of the work issue a final warrant for the balance of the amount due the contractor. The city shall pay to the contractor interest at the rate of eight percent per annum on the amounts due on partial and final payments beginning forty-five days after the certification of the amounts due by the engineer in charge and approval of the governing body, and running until the date that the warrant is tendered to the contractor. The warrants shall be redeemed and paid out of the proceeds received from the special assessments levied under the provisions of section 16-669, or out of the proceeds of the bonds or warrants issued under the provisions of sections 16-670 and 16-671. The warrants shall draw such interest as shall be provided in the warrants from the date of registration until paid.

Special taxes may be levied by the mayor and council for the purpose of paying the cost of constructing sewers or drains within the city. Such tax shall be levied on the real estate lying and being within the sewerage district in which such sewers or drains may be situated to the extent of benefits to such property by reason of such improvement. The benefits to such property shall be determined by the council sitting as a board of equalization, after notice to property owners as in other cases of special assessment provided. If the council, sitting as such board of equalization, shall find such benefits to be equal and uniform, such levy may be according to the front foot of the lots or real estate within such sewerage district, according to such other rule as the council sitting as such board of equalization may adopt for the distribution or adjustment of such cost upon the lots or real estate in such district benefited by such improvement. All taxes or assessments made for sewerage or drainage purposes shall be collected in the same manner as other special assessments and shall be subject to the same penalty. And where sewers are constructed and any assessments to cover the costs thereof shall be declared void, or doubts exist as to the validity of such assessment, the mayor and council, for the purpose of paying the cost of such improvement, are hereby authorized and empowered to make a reassessment of such costs on lots and real estate lying and being within the sewerage district in which such sewer may be situated, to the extent of the benefits to such property by reason of such improvement. Such reassessment shall be made substantially in the manner provided for making original assessments of like nature as herein provided; and any sums which may have been paid toward said improvement, upon any lots or real estate included in such assessment, shall be applied under the direction of the council to the credit of the persons and property on account of which the same was paid. In case the credits shall exceed the sum reassessed against such persons and property, as herein provided for, the council shall cause such excess, with lawful interest, to be refunded to the party who made payment thereof. The taxes so reassessed and not paid under a prior assessment shall be collected and enforced in the same manner as other special taxes, and shall be subject to the same penalty.

Supplemental to any existing law on the subject, whenever the mayor and city council of any city of the first class in Nebraska, shall deem it advisable or necessary to construct storm water sewers and appurtenances in any section of the city and the extraterritorial zoning jurisdiction of the city as established pursuant to section 16-902, together with outlets for the same, the advisability and necessity thereof shall be declared in a proposed ordinance, which ordinance shall state the kinds of pipe proposed to be used, and shall include cement concrete pipe and vitrified clay pipe and any other material deemed suitable and shall state the size or sizes and kinds of sewers proposed to be constructed and shall designate the location and terminal points thereof. The ordinance shall refer to the plans and specifications thereof which shall have been made and filed with the municipal clerk by the city engineer before publication of such ordinance. Such city engineer shall also make and file, prior to the publication of such ordinance, an estimate of the total cost of the proposed improvement, which shall be stated in the ordinance. The mayor and city council shall have power to assess, to the extent of special benefits, the cost of such portions of the improvements as are local improvements, upon properties found specifically benefited thereby; and the ordinance shall state the outer boundaries of the district or districts in which it is proposed to make special assessments.

Notice of the time when any such ordinance shall be set for consideration before the mayor and city council shall be given by at least two publications in a newspaper published in the city, or published in the county in which said city is located and of general circulation in said city, which publication shall state the entire wording of the ordinance. The last publication shall be not less than five days nor more than two weeks prior to the time set for the hearing of objections to the passage of any such ordinance, at which hearing the owners of real property located in said improvement district and which might become subject to assessment for the cost of the contemplated improvement may appear and make objections to the improvement. Thereafter the ordinance may be amended and passed or passed as proposed.

If a written protest signed by owners of the property located in said improvement district and representing a majority of the front footage which may become subject to assessment for the cost of the improvement, be filed with the municipal clerk within three days before the date of the meeting for the consideration of such ordinance, such ordinance shall not be passed.

Upon compliance with sections 16-672.01 to 16-672.03, the mayor and city council may, by ordinance, order the making and construction of the improvements provided for in section 16-672.01. To adopt such ordinance, a majority of the whole number of members elected to the city council shall be required; Provided, that if the vote be a tie, the mayor may vote to break such tie.

After ordering any such improvements as provided in section 16-672.01, the mayor and city council may enter into a contract for the construction of the same in one or more contracts, but no work shall be done or contract let, if the estimated cost of the improvements, as determined by the city engineer, is in excess of two thousand dollars, until notice to contractors has been published once each week for three weeks in a newspaper published in the city, or if there be no newspaper published in said city, then in some newspaper of general circulation published in the county wherein such city is located. The notice shall state the extent of the work, and the kind of materials to be bid upon, including in such notice all kinds of material mentioned in the ordinance specified in section 16-672.01, and the time when bids will be received, and may set forth the amount of the engineer's estimate of the cost of such improvements. The work provided for in sections 16-672.01 to 16-672.11, shall be done under a written contract with the lowest responsible bidder on the material selected after the bids are opened and in accordance with the requirements of the plans and specifications. The mayor and city council may reject any or all bids received and advertise for new bids in accordance herewith.

After the completion of any such work in the construction of said public improvements, the city engineer shall file with the municipal clerk a certificate of acceptance, which acceptance shall be approved by the mayor and city council by ordinance. The mayor and city council shall then require the city engineer to make a complete statement of all the costs of such improvement and a plat of the property in the storm water sewer district and a schedule of the amount proposed to be assessed against each separate parcel of real property in such district, which shall be filed with the municipal clerk within ten days from the date of the acceptance of the work. The mayor and city council shall then order the clerk to give notice that said plat and schedules are on file in his office and that all objections thereto, or to prior proceedings on account of errors, irregularities, or inequalities, not made in writing and filed with the municipal clerk within twenty days after the first publication of said notice shall be deemed to have been waived. Such notice shall be given by two publications in a newspaper published in said city or if there be no newspaper published in said city then in some newspaper of general circulation published in the county wherein the city is located, and by notices posted in three conspicuous places in said storm water sewer district. Said notice shall state the time and place where objections, filed as herein provided, shall be considered by the mayor and city council.

The hearing on the proposed assessments shall be held by the mayor and city council sitting as a board of adjustment and equalization, at the time and place specified in such notice which shall not be less than twenty days nor more than thirty days after the date of the first publication, unless adjourned. Such session may be adjourned, with provisions for proper notice of such adjournment. At such meeting, the proposed assessment shall be adjusted and equalized with reference to benefits resulting from the improvement and shall not exceed such benefits; Provided, if any special assessment be payable in installments, each installment shall draw interest payable annually or semiannually from the date of levy until due. Any delinquent installments shall draw interest at the rate specified in section 45-104.01, as such rate may from time to time be adjusted by the Legislature, from the date of delinquency until paid.

After the equalization of such special assessments as herein required, the same shall be levied by the mayor and city council upon all lots or parcels of real property within the storm water sewer district, specifically benefited by reason of said improvement. The same may be relevied if, for any reason, the levy thereof is void or not enforceable and in an amount not exceeding the previous levy. Such levy shall be enforced as special assessments for street improvements are enforced in cities of the first class, and any payments thereon, made under previous levies, shall be credited to the property involved. All assessments made for such purposes shall be collected in the same manner as general taxes and shall be subject to the same penalties.

All special assessments provided for in section 16-672.08 shall become due in fifty days after the date of levy and may be paid within that time without interest, but if not so paid, they shall bear interest at the rate set by the city council until delinquent. Such assessments shall become delinquent in equal annual installments over such period of years as the mayor and city council may determine at the time of making the levy. Delinquent installments shall bear interest at the rate specified in section 45-104.01, as such rate may from time to time be adjusted by the Legislature, until paid and shall be collected in the usual manner for the collection of general taxes and shall be subject to the same penalties.

All the special assessments provided for in section 16-672.08, shall, when levied and collected be placed in a sinking fund for the purpose of paying the cost of the improvements as provided in sections 16-672.01 to 16-672.11 with allowable interest thereon, and shall be solely and strictly applied to such purpose to the extent required; but any excess thereof may be by the mayor and city council, after fully discharging the purposes for which levied, transferred to such other fund or funds as the mayor and city council may deem advisable.

For the purpose of paying the cost of the public improvements as provided in sections 16-672.01 to 16-672.11, the mayor and city council of any such city, after such improvements have been completed and accepted, shall have the power to issue negotiable bonds of any such city to be called storm water sewer district bonds, payable in not exceeding twenty years and bearing interest payable annually, which may either be sold by the city or delivered to the contractor in payment for the work, but in either case for not less than their par value. For the purpose of making partial payments as the work progresses, warrants may be issued by the mayor and city council upon certificates of the engineer in charge, showing the amount of work completed and materials necessarily purchased and delivered for the orderly and proper continuance of the project, in a sum not exceeding ninety-five percent of the cost thereof, and upon the completion and acceptance of the work, a final warrant may be issued for the balance due the contractor, which warrants shall be redeemed and paid upon the sale of the bonds issued and sold as provided in this section. The city shall pay to the contractor interest at the rate of eight percent per annum on the amounts due on partial and final payments beginning forty-five days after the certification of the amounts due by the engineer in charge and approval by the governing body and running until the date that the warrant is tendered to the contractor. All special assessments which may be levied upon property specially benefited by such work or improvements in any such storm water sewer district shall, when collected, be set aside and placed in a sinking fund for the payment of the interest and principal of the bonds. There shall be levied annually upon all of the taxable property in the city a tax which, together with such sinking fund derived from special assessments collected, shall be sufficient to meet payments of interest and principal on the bonds as the same become due. Such tax shall be known as the storm water sewer tax, shall be payable annually, shall be collected in the same manner as general taxes, and shall be subject to the same penalties.

The mayor and city council of any city of the first class shall have power to make contracts with and authorize any person, company, or association to erect a gas works, power plant, electric or other light works, heating plant, or waterworks in such city and give such persons, company, or association the privilege of furnishing water, lights, power, or heat for the streets, lanes, alleys, and public places and property of such city and its inhabitants for any length of time not exceeding twenty-five years. Any city of the first class may by resolution of the city council contract for the furnishing of electricity at retail to such city and the inhabitants thereof with any public power district, or an electric cooperative which cooperative has an approved retail service area adjoining such city's retail service area.

The mayor and city council shall have power to purchase or provide for, establish, construct, extend, enlarge, maintain, operate, and regulate for the city any such waterworks, gas works, power plant, including an electrical distribution facility, electric or other light works, or heating plant, or to condemn and appropriate, for the use of the city, waterworks, gas works, power plant, including an electrical distribution facility, electric or other light works, or heating plant. The procedure to condemn property shall be exercised in the manner set forth in sections 76-704 to 76-724, except as to property specifically excluded by section 76-703 and as to which sections 19-701 to 19-707 or the Municipal Natural Gas System Condemnation Act is applicable. For purposes of this section, an electrical distribution facility shall be located within the retail service area of such city as approved by and on file with the Nebraska Power Review Board, pursuant to Chapter 70, article 10.

The mayor and city council may levy a tax, not exceeding seven cents on each one hundred dollars upon the taxable value of all the taxable property in such city, for the purpose of paying the cost of lighting the streets, lanes, alleys, and other public places or property of the city, for the purpose of furnishing water, heat, or power for the city, or for the purpose of buying, establishing, extending, or maintaining such waterworks, gas, electric, or other light works, or heating or power plant, not exceeding three and five-tenths cents on each one hundred dollars upon the taxable value of all the taxable property in such city for any one of the respective purposes.

Where the amount of money which would be raised by the tax levy provided for in section 16-675 would be insufficient to establish or pay for a system of waterworks, gas, electric, or other light works, or heating or power system, the mayor and city council may borrow money and pledge the property and credit of the city upon its negotiable bonds or otherwise to an amount not exceeding two hundred and fifty thousand dollars for the purpose of establishing, constructing, extending, enlarging or paying for, or maintaining the utilities named in this section; Provided, that no such bonds shall be issued by the city council until the question of issuing the same shall have been submitted to the electors of the city at an election held for such purpose, notice of which shall have been given by publication once each week for three successive weeks prior thereto in a legal newspaper published in or of general circulation in such city, and a majority of the electors voting upon the proposition shall have voted in favor of issuing such bonds. However, no election shall be called until a petition signed by at least fifty resident freeholders shall be presented to the mayor and council asking that an election be called for the purpose herein specified.

When such bonds shall have been issued by the city, the mayor and council shall have power to levy annually upon all taxable property of the city such tax as may be necessary for a sinking fund for the payment of accruing interest on such bonds and the principal thereof at maturity, and to provide for the office of water commissioner, power commissioner, light commissioner or heat commissioner, and to prescribe the powers and duties of such officers.

Nothing contained in sections 16-673 to 16-677 shall change or in any way affect existing franchises or existing contracts between any city and any company, corporation, or individual for furnishing the city or its inhabitants with light, power, heat, or water. The mayor and council shall levy a sufficient tax to pay for such light, power, heat, or water supply in accordance with the terms of such existing contracts, not exceeding four and nine-tenths cents on each one hundred dollars upon the taxable value of all the taxable property in such city in any one year for any one of the purposes.

The mayor and council shall have power to require every individual or private corporation operating such works or plants, subject to reasonable rules and regulations, to furnish any person applying therefor, along the line of its pipes, mains, wires or other conduits, with gas, water, power, light or heat, and to supply said city with water for fire protection, and with gas, water, power, light or heat, for other necessary public or private purposes; to regulate and fix the rents or rates of water, power, gas, electric light or heat; and to regulate and fix the charges for water meters, power meters, gas meters, electric light or heat meters, or other device or means necessary for determining the consumption of water, power, gas, electric light or heat. These powers shall not be abridged by ordinance, resolution or contract.

The mayor and council shall have power to borrow money and pledge the property and credit of the city upon its negotiable bonds or otherwise in an amount not exceeding in the aggregate four hundred thousand dollars for the purpose of constructing or aiding in the construction of a system of sewerage. They may borrow money and pledge the property and credit of the city upon its negotiable bonds or otherwise in any amount, not exceeding in the aggregate seven hundred fifty thousand dollars, for the purpose of constructing culverts and drains for the purpose of deepening, widening, straightening, walling, filling, covering, altering, or changing the channel of any watercourse or any natural or artificial surface waterway or any creek, branch, ravine, ditch, draw, basin, or part thereof flowing or extending through or being within the limits of the city and for the purpose of constructing artificial channels or covered drains sufficient to carry the water theretofore flowing in such watercourse and divert it from the natural channel and conduct the same through such artificial channel or covered drain and fill the old channel. They may borrow money and pledge the property and credit of the city upon its negotiable bonds or otherwise in an amount not exceeding in the aggregate two hundred fifty thousand dollars for the purpose of constructing, maintaining, and operating a system of waterworks for the city. No such bonds shall be issued by the city council until the question of issuing the same has been submitted to the electors of the city at an election called and held for that purpose, notice of which shall be given by publication in some newspaper published in the city at least thirty days before the date of the election, and a majority of the electors voting upon the proposition have voted in favor of issuing such bonds. When any such bonds have been issued by the city, they may levy annually upon all taxable property of the city such tax as may be necessary for a sinking fund for the payment of the accruing interest upon the bonds and the principal thereof at maturity. They may provide for the office of sewer commissioner or water commissioner and prescribe the duties and powers of such offices.

Such city owning, operating or maintaining its own gas, water, power, light or heat system, shall furnish any person applying therefor, along the line of its pipes, mains, wires or other conduits, subject to reasonable rules and regulations, with gas, water, power, light or heat. It shall regulate and fix the rental or rate for gas, water, power, light or heat, and regulate and fix the charges for water meters, power meters, gas meters, light meters or heat meters or other device or means necessary for determining the consumption of gas, water, power, light or heat. It shall require water meters, gas meters, light meters, power meters, or heat meters to be used, or other device or means necessary for determining the consumption of gas, water, power, light or heat.

Such cities shall have the right and power to tax, assess, and collect from the inhabitants thereof such rent or rents for the use and benefit of water, gas, power, light or heat used or supplied to them by such waterworks, mains, pump, or extension of any system of waterworks, or water supply, or by such gas, light or heat system, as the council shall by ordinance deem just or expedient. With respect to water rates, taxes or rents only, such water rates, taxes or rents, when delinquent, shall be a lien upon the premises or real estate upon or for which the same is used or supplied; and such water taxes, rents or rates shall be paid and collected and such lien enforced in such manner as the council or commission, as the case may be, shall by ordinance direct and provide. Any delinquent water rentals which remain unpaid for a period of three months after they become due may be, by resolution of the said council or commission, assessed against said real estate as a special assessment, which said special assessment shall be certified by the city clerk to the county clerk of the county in which said city is situated. Said county clerk shall thereupon place same on the tax rolls for collection, subject to the same penalties and to be collected in like manner as other city taxes; Provided, that the local governing body of said city shall notify in writing nonoccupying owners of premises or their agents whenever their tenants or lessees are sixty days delinquent in the payment of water rent. Thereafter if the owner of said real estate or his agent within such city shall notify the council or commission in writing to discontinue water service to said real estate or the occupants thereof, it shall be the duty of the officer in charge of the water department promptly to discontinue said service; and rentals for any water furnished to the occupants of said real estate in violation of said notice shall not be a lien thereon.

Before submitting any proposition for borrowing money for either of the purposes mentioned in sections 16-673, 16-674 and 16-680, the mayor and council shall determine upon and adopt a system of sewerage, waterworks, heating, lighting or power, as the case may be, and shall determine upon and adopt a plan for constructing drains or culverts, or for doing other work upon or in connection with watercourses or waterways as authorized in section 16-680. They shall procure from the city engineer an estimate of the actual cost of such system, an estimate of the cost of so much thereof as the mayor and council may propose to construct with the amount proposed to be borrowed, and plans of such system. The estimate shall be placed and remain in the hands of the city clerk, subject to public inspection during all the times such proposition to borrow money shall be pending. After a system shall have been adopted, no other system or plan shall be adopted in lieu thereof unless authorized by vote of the people. After construction of any such systems, works or improvements as are authorized in said sections, the city may by vote of the people issue bonds to construct extensions, additions or enlargements thereof, but not to exceed one hundred twenty-five thousand dollars in any one year, and the total amount of outstanding bonded indebtedness of any such city for the initial construction of any such systems, works or improvements and for the construction of extensions, additions and enlargements thereof shall not exceed the respective aggregate limitations of amount imposed under section 16-680.

When the system of waterworks or sewerage, power, heating, lighting, or drainage shall have been adopted, and the people shall have voted to borrow money to aid in the construction as aforesaid, the mayor and council may erect and construct and maintain such system of waterworks or sewerage or power plant, lighting, heating, or drainage, either within or without the corporate limits of the city, make all needful rules and regulations concerning their use, and do all acts necessary for the construction, completion, and management and control of same not inconsistent with law, including the taking of private property for the public use for the construction and operation of the same. The procedure to condemn property shall be exercised in the manner set forth in sections 76-704 to 76-724, except as to property specifically excluded by section 76-703 and as to which sections 19-701 to 19-707 are applicable.

After the establishment of a system of waterworks in any city of the first class, the mayor and council may expend any accumulated reserve funds in its water department for the purpose of laying and relaying water mains and the installation of water equipment for fire protection. The city shall have the power and authority to employ the necessary labor therefor without the necessity of advertising for bids or of letting a contract or contracts therefor.

Said city is hereby authorized and empowered, for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of sections 16-684 and 19-2701, to construct, maintain and operate the necessary rural transmission and distribution lines for a distance of eighteen miles from the corporate limits of said city upon, along and across any of the public highways of this state under the conditions and provisions prescribed by law for the construction of electric transmission and distribution lines to persons, firms, associations or corporations. Before the construction of any such rural electric transmission or distribution lines shall be undertaken, such city shall enter into contracts for electric service with persons, firms, associations or corporations to be served at rates which will produce an annual gross revenue to such city equal to not less than fifteen percent of the cost of said construction. Such city shall thereafter adjust such rates when necessary to produce such gross revenue.

Any city of the first class owning and operating a natural gas distribution system within such city, and owning and operating its own lateral supply line from its distribution system to a natural gas pipeline source of supply, may by ordinance, where such lateral supply line is so located with reference to any second-class cities or villages within twenty miles of such city not then being supplied with natural gas and having no other source of gas supply available, make gas service available at retail to such municipalities and for that purpose construct, operate, and maintain connecting lines to and natural gas distribution systems in the municipalities; Provided, that such city prior to the construction of such facilities and the rendering of such service, shall secure from the respective municipalities to be served a natural gas franchise as provided by law.

In case such aids shall not be voted by the people in the manner aforesaid, or having voted bonds and constructed a system of waterworks and having failed to obtain an adequate supply of good water, then the mayor and council may contract with and procure individuals or corporations to construct and maintain a system of waterworks, power, heating or lighting plant in such city for any time not exceeding twenty years from the date of the contract, with a reservation to the city of the right to purchase such waterworks, lighting, heating, or power plant at any time after the lapse of ten years from the date of the contract upon payment to such individuals or corporations of any amount to be determined from the contract, not exceeding the cost of the construction of such waterworks, power, lighting, or heating plant. In other respects such contract may be on such terms as may be agreed upon by a two-thirds vote of the council, entered upon the minutes; Provided, that no such contract shall be made unless authorized by a majority vote of the legal voters of such city at a special election called for that purpose, notice of which shall be given by publication once each week for three successive weeks prior thereto in a legal newspaper published in or of general circulation in such city.

When any city has voted bonds and constructed a system of waterworks and obtained an adequate supply of water but the same is turbid or unwholesome during the whole or a portion of the year, the mayor and council may without having previously made an appropriation therefor, when authorized by a majority vote of the electors voting on the question, which may be submitted at either a special or a general city election, construct, purchase, or enter into a contract for the construction or purchase of and install, establish, operate, and maintain a system of settling reservoirs or a system of filters, or both of such systems of settling reservoirs and filters, for the purpose of clarifying and purifying such water. Notice of such election shall be given by publication once each week three successive weeks prior thereto in a legal newspaper published in or of general circulation in such city. The city may levy taxes on all taxable property of such city, not to exceed three and five-tenths cents on each one hundred dollars upon the taxable value thereof in any one year for the payment of the cost thereof.

The mayor and city council may by ordinance confer upon the board of public works the active direction and supervision of such system of waterworks, power plant, or sewerage, heating, or lighting plant and the erection and construction of the same. The board may provide that such duties be performed by such employee or employees as it may direct. The city council shall approve the budget of each proprietary function as provided in the Municipal Proprietary Function Act. The board shall make reports to the mayor and council as often as the mayor and council may require. In like manner the mayor and council may confer upon such board the active direction and supervision of the system of streets and alleys.

The mayor and council may, by ordinance, authorize and empower the board of public works to employ necessary laborers and clerks, to purchase material for the operation and maintenance of the systems, and to draw its orders on the several funds in the hands of the city treasurer to the credit of the various systems in payment of salaries, labor, and material. The mayor and council shall establish the dollar amount for all extensions and projects above which the board of public works must obtain the approval of the mayor and council before expending funds. The mayor and council may, by ordinance, authorize and empower the board of public works to cooperate and participate in a plan of insurance designed and intended for the benefit of the employees of any public utility operated by the city. For that purpose the board of public works may make contributions to pay premiums or dues under such plan, authorize deductions from salaries of employees, and take such other steps as may be necessary to effectuate such plan of insurance. All orders for the disbursement of funds shall be signed by the chairperson and secretary of the board or by any two members of the board who have previously been designated for that purpose by a resolution duly adopted by such board and shall be paid by the treasurer, except that payroll checks only may be signed by any one member of the board who has previously been designated for that purpose by a resolution duly adopted by the board. Facsimile signatures of board members may be used to sign such orders and checks.

Any surplus funds remaining in the hands of the city treasurer, to the credit of said various funds, may be invested by the board of public works, with the approval of the mayor and council, in accordance with the provisions of sections 16-712, 16-713, and 16-715, in interest-bearing securities of the State of Nebraska or any political subdivision thereof, certificates of deposit of banks which are members of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or in interest-bearing securities of the United States upon an order for that purpose drawn by the board of public works upon the city treasurer. Such securities may be purchased, sold or hypothecated by the board of public works with the approval of the mayor and city council, at their fair market value, and the interest earned by such securities shall be credited to the account of the utility from which the funds paid for the securities were originally drawn; Provided, in cities which have not conferred upon any board of public works the active direction and supervision of such system of waterworks, power plant, sewerage, and heating or lighting plant, the powers and duties hereby conferred upon the board of public works as to the purchase, sale, and hypothecation of said securities shall be exercised by the city treasurer of such city. Securities so purchased shall be held by the city treasurer, who shall provide adequate bond for their safekeeping. When sold, the treasurer shall deliver the same to the purchaser and collect the sale price.

The mayor and council of any city of the first class may, by resolution, direct and authorize the treasurer to dispose of the surplus electric light, water, or natural gas distribution system funds, or the funds arising from the sale of electric light and water properties, by the payment of outstanding electric light, water, or natural gas distribution system warrants or bonds then due and by the payment of all current amounts required in any revenue bond ordinance in which any part of the earnings of the electric light or water utility or natural gas distribution system are pledged. The excess, if any, after such payments, may be transferred to the general fund of such city at the conclusion of the fiscal year.

No member of the council or the mayor shall be eligible to the office of water commissioner during the term for which he shall be elected.

When any bonds shall have been issued by the city for the purpose of constructing or aiding in the construction of a system of waterworks, power plant, sewerage, heating, lighting or drainage, there shall thereafter be levied annually upon all taxable property of said city a tax not exceeding seven cents on each one hundred dollars for every twenty thousand dollars of bonds so issued, which shall be known as the waterworks tax, power tax, sewerage tax, heat tax, light tax or drainage tax, as the case may be, and shall be payable only in money. The proceeds of such tax, together with all income received by the city from the payment and collection of water, power, heat or light, rent, taxes, and rates of assessments, shall first be applied to the payment of the current expenses of waterworks, power plant, heating or lighting, to improvements, extensions, and additions thereto, and interest on money borrowed and bonds issued for their construction. The surplus, if any, shall be retained for a sinking fund for the payment of such loan or bonds at maturity.

After the establishment of a system of sewerage in any city of the first class, the mayor and council may, at the time of levying other taxes for city purposes, levy an annual tax of not more than three and five-tenths cents on each one hundred dollars upon the taxable value of all the taxable property in such city for the purpose of creating a fund to be used exclusively for the maintenance and repairing of any sewers in such city. In lieu of the levy of a tax, the mayor and council may establish, by ordinance, such rates for such sewer service as may be deemed by them to be fair and reasonable, to be collected from either the owner or the person, firm, or corporation requesting the service at such times, either monthly, quarterly, or otherwise, as may be specified in the ordinance. All such sewer charges shall be a lien upon the premises or real estate for which the same is used or supplied. Such lien shall be enforced in such manner as the local governing body provides by ordinance. The charges thus made, when collected, shall be placed in a separate fund and used exclusively for the purpose of maintenance and repairs of any sewers in such city.

The mayor and council of any city of the first class are hereby authorized to acquire by purchase or otherwise and hold in the name of the city, lands, lots, or grounds within or without the limits of the city to be used and improved for parks, parkways, or boulevards. To pay for and improve such lands, lots, or grounds, the mayor and council of such city are authorized to issue bonds for such purposes, except that no such bonds shall be issued until the question of issuing the same shall have been submitted to the electors of the city, at a general election therein, or at a special election appointed and called by the mayor and city council for such purposes, and a majority of electors voting at such election shall have voted in favor of issuing the bonds. Notice of such election shall be given by publication once each week for three successive weeks prior thereto in a legal newspaper published in or of general circulation in such city. Such bonds shall be payable in not to exceed twenty years from the date of issuance thereof, and shall bear interest payable annually or semiannually, with interest coupons attached to the bonds. The mayor and council may at their discretion construct in any park a swimming pool, stadium, or other facilities for public use and recreation and pay for the same out of the avails of such bonds.

(1) In each such city, which acquires land for a park or parks, there may be a board of park commissioners, who shall have charge of all the parks belonging to the city, with power to establish rules for the management, care, and use of the same. The board of park commissioners shall be composed of not less than three members, but the total number shall be evenly divisible by three, who shall be residents of the city. In the event of a tie vote, the motion under consideration shall fail to be adopted. They shall be appointed by the mayor and council at their first regular meeting in January each year except for the original board which may be appointed any time. At the time of the first appointment, one-third of the number to be appointed shall be appointed for a term of one year, one-third for a term of two years, and the rest shall be appointed for a term of three years, which term shall be computed from the first meeting in the preceding January. After the appointment of the original board it shall be the duty of the mayor and council to appoint or reappoint one-third of the board each year for a term of three years to commence at the time of appointment at the first meeting in January. Each member shall serve until his or her successor is appointed and qualified. A vacancy occurring on such board by death, resignation, or disqualification of a member shall be filled for the remainder of such term at the next regular meeting of the city council. A majority of all the members of the board of park commissioners shall constitute a quorum. It shall be the duty of the board of park commissioners to lay out, improve, and beautify all grounds owned or acquired for public parks, and employ helpers and laborers as may be necessary for the proper care and maintenance of such parks, and the improvement and beautification thereof, to the extent that funds may be provided for such purposes. The members of the board, at its first meeting in each year, shall elect one of their own members as chairperson of such board. Before entering upon his or her duties each member of the board shall take an oath, to be filed with the city clerk, that he or she will faithfully perform the duties of the office and will not in any manner be actuated or influenced therein by personal or political motives.

(2) The board of park commissioners may also be constituted by the mayor and council as an ex officio recreation board. When so constituted, such recreation board shall have the duty and authority to promote, manage, supervise, and control all recreation activities supported financially by such city to the extent funds are available.

(3) The mayor and council of such city may abolish the board of park commissioners, if one has been appointed as provided in this section, and may establish a board of park and recreation commissioners, who shall have charge of all parks belonging to the city and all recreational activities supported financially by the city, with power to establish rules for the management, care, supervision, and use of such parks. The board of park and recreation commissioners shall be appointed to such terms of office and in such numbers as provided in this section for appointment of a board of park commissioners. It shall be the duty of the board of park and recreation commissioners to lay out, improve, beautify, and design all grounds, bodies of water, and buildings owned or acquired for public parks and recreational facilities, and employ such persons as may be necessary for the proper direction, care, maintenance, improvement, and beautification thereof, and for program planning and leadership of recreational activities, to the extent that funds may be provided for such purposes. The board shall also have the duty of continued study and promotion of the needs of such city for additional park and recreational facilities. Members of the board of park and recreation commissioners at its first meeting in each year shall elect one of its own members as chairperson of the board. Before entering upon his or her duties each member of the board shall take an oath, to be filed with the city clerk, that he or she will faithfully perform the duties of the office and will not in any manner be actuated or influenced therein by personal or political motives.

(1) For the purpose of (a) providing funds for amusements and recreation, (b) providing funds for laying out, purchasing, improving, and beautifying parks and public grounds, and (c) providing for the payment of the salaries and wages of employees of such board, the mayor and council shall, each year at the time of making the levy for general city purposes, make a levy upon the taxable value of all the taxable property in such city. Such levy shall be collected and paid into the city treasury and shall constitute the park fund or park and recreation fund as the case may be.

(2) All accounts against the park fund or park and recreation fund of such city, provided for by subsection (1) of this section, for salaries and wages of the employees and all other expenses of such parks or recreational facilities shall be audited and allowed by the park or park and recreation commissioners. All warrants thereon shall be drawn only by the chairperson of the commissioners. Warrants so drawn shall be paid by the city treasurer out of such fund.

(3) The park or park and recreation commissioners of such city, as the case may be, shall enter into any contracts of any nature involving an expenditure in accordance with the policies of the city council.

(4) The chairperson of the board of park or park and recreation commissioners shall, on January 1 and July 1 of each year, file with the city clerk an itemized statement of all the expenditures of the board.

Any city of the first class is hereby authorized and empowered to take land in fee, within or without its corporate limits by donation, gift, devise, purchase or appropriation, and to hold, improve and control such land for parks, recreational facilities, and public grounds. The jurisdiction and police power of the mayor and city council of any city that shall acquire any such real estate shall be at once extended over the same. The mayor and city council shall have power to enact bylaws, rules and ordinances for the protection, preservation and control of any real estate acquired as herein contemplated, and provide suitable penalties for the violation of any such bylaws, rules or ordinances.

The mayor and council of any first-class city shall have power to borrow money and pledge the property and credit of the city upon its negotiable bonds or otherwise, for the purpose of purchasing and improving land for parks, recreational facilities and public grounds, authority therefor having first been obtained by a majority vote of the qualified electors of the city voting on such question at any general city election of such city or at an election called for that purpose, upon a proposition or propositions submitted in the manner provided by law for the submission of propositions to aid in the construction of railroads and other works of internal improvement.

The city may, by ordinance, purchase and hold grounds for and erect and establish market houses and market places, and regulate and govern the same, and also contract with any person or persons, companies or corporations, for the erection and regulation of such market houses and market places on such terms and conditions and in such manner as the council may prescribe, and raise all necessary revenue therefor as herein provided. The council may provide for the erection of all other useful and necessary buildings for the use of the city, and for the protection and safety of all property owned by the city, in connection with such market houses and places. It may locate such market houses and market places and buildings aforesaid on any street, alley, or public grounds, or on any land purchased for such purposes, and establish, alter, and change the channel of streams and watercourses within the city, and bridge the same; Provided, that any such improvement costing in the aggregate a sum greater than two thousand dollars shall not be authorized until the ordinance providing therefor shall first be submitted to and ratified by a majority of the legal voters of such city voting thereon, notice of which shall be given by publication once each week for three successive weeks in a legal newspaper published in or of general circulation in such city.

No charge or assessment of any kind shall be made or levied on any wagon or other vehicle, or the horses thereto attached, or on the owner bringing produce or provisions to any market in the city, or standing in or occupying a place in any of the market places of the city, or in the street contiguous thereto on market days and evening previous thereto; but the mayor and council shall have full power to prevent forestalling, to prohibit or regulate huckstering in the streets, to prescribe the kind and description of articles which may be sold, and the stand or place to be occupied by the vendors, and may authorize the immediate seizure, and arrest and removal from the markets of any person violating their regulations as established by ordinance, together with any article of produce in his possession, and the immediate seizure and destruction of tainted or unsound meat, provisions or other articles of food.

The mayor and council shall have the power to borrow money and pledge the property and credit of the city upon its negotiable bonds or otherwise for the purpose of acquiring, by purchasing or constructing, including site acquisition, or aiding in the acquiring of a city hall, jail, auditorium, buildings for the fire department and other public buildings, including the acquisition of buildings authorized to be acquired by Chapter 72, article 14, and including acquisition of buildings to be leased in whole or in part by the city to any other political or governmental subdivision of the State of Nebraska authorized by law to lease such buildings. No such bonds shall be issued until after the same have been authorized by a majority vote of the electors of the city voting on the proposition of their issuance at an election called for the submission of such proposition and of which election notice of the time and place thereof shall have been given by publication in some newspaper printed and of general circulation in the city three successive weeks prior thereto; Provided, that where the building to be acquired is to be used by the State of Nebraska or its agency or agencies under a lease authorized by Chapter 72, article 14, or the building is to be leased by any other political or governmental subdivision of the State of Nebraska or other governmental agencies and where the combined area of the building to be leased by the state or its agency or agencies and the political or governmental subdivision of the State of Nebraska is more than fifty percent of the area of the building and where the cost of acquisition does not exceed two million dollars, no such vote of the electors will be required.

Any county in this state may, together with any city of the first class of the county in which the county seat is located, jointly acquire land for, erect, equip, furnish, maintain, and operate a joint city-county building to be used jointly by such county and city.

The cost and expense of acquiring land for, erecting, equipping, furnishing, and maintaining a joint city-county building shall be borne by such county and city in the proportion determined by the county board of the county and the city council of the city of the first class. The building shall not be erected or contracted to be erected, no land shall be acquired therefor, and no bonds shall be issued or sold by the county or the city of the first class until the county and the city of the first class have each been authorized to issue bonds to defray its proportion of the cost of such land, building, equipment, and furnishings by the required number of electors of the county and the city of the first class in the manner provided by sections 16-6,100 and 23-3501.

The amount of indebtedness authorized to be incurred by any county or city of the first class for the payment of principal and interest for the bonds authorized by the provisions of sections 16-6,100.01 to 16-6,100.07 shall be in addition to and over and above any limits now fixed by law.

The members of the county board of the county and the city council of the city of the first class which agree to build a joint city-county building shall be the building commission to purchase the land for the building and to contract for the erection, equipment, and furnishings of the building and, after completion thereof, shall be in charge of its maintenance and repair.

The building commission shall cause to be prepared building plans and specifications for the joint building, and may employ architects, engineers, draftsmen, and such clerical help as may be deemed necessary for the purpose of preparing such plans and specifications. The compensation of such personnel shall be fixed by the commission and shall be paid in the same proportion as is determined for defraying the cost as set forth in section 16-6,100.02. The contract for erecting the building, for the equipment, and for furnishings shall be let by the commission in the same manner as for other public buildings. The members of the commission shall receive no compensation for their services as members of the commission.

The county and the city of the first class shall each provide in their annual budgets an item for their proportion of the expense of maintaining such joint city-county building.

The building commission shall have power to accept gifts, devises, and bequests of real and personal property to carry out the purposes of sections 16-6,100.01 to 16-6,100.07 and, to the extent of the powers conferred upon such board by the provisions of sections 16-6,100.01 to 16-6,100.07, to execute and carry out such conditions as may be annexed to any gift, devises, or bequest.

Supplemental to any existing law on the subject and in lieu of the issuance of general obligation bonds, or the levying of taxes upon property, as by law provided, any city of the first class may construct, purchase or otherwise acquire a waterworks plant or a water system, or a gas plant or a gas system, including a natural or bottled gas plant, gas distribution system or gas pipelines, either within or without the corporate limits of said city, and real and personal property needed or useful in connection therewith, and pay the cost thereof by pledging and hypothecating the revenue and earnings of any waterworks plant or water system, or a gas plant or a gas system, including a natural or bottled gas plant, gas distribution system or gas pipelines, owned or to be owned by such city. In the exercise of the authority herein granted, any city may issue and sell revenue bonds or debentures and enter into such contracts in connection therewith as may be proper and necessary. Such revenue bonds or debentures shall be a lien only upon the revenue and earnings of the waterworks plant or water system, or a gas plant or a gas system, including a natural or bottled gas plant, gas distribution system or gas pipelines, owned or to be owned by such city. No such city shall pledge or hypothecate the revenue and earnings of any waterworks plant or water system, or a gas plant or a gas system, including a natural or bottled gas plant, gas distribution system or gas pipelines, nor issue revenue bonds or debentures, as herein authorized, until the proposition relating thereto has been submitted in the usual manner to the qualified voters of such city at a general or special election and approved by a majority of the electors voting on the proposition submitted; Provided, such proposition shall be submitted whenever requested, within thirty days after a sufficient petition signed by the qualified voters of such city equal in number to twenty percent of the vote cast at the last general municipal election held therein, shall be filed with the city clerk. Three weeks' notice of the submission of the proposition shall be given by publication in some legal newspaper published in and of general circulation in such city, or, if no legal newspaper is published therein, then by posting in five or more public places therein. The requirement herein for a vote of the electors, however, shall not apply when such city seeks to pledge or hypothecate such revenue or earnings or issues revenue bonds or debentures solely for the maintenance, extension or enlargement of any waterworks plant or water system, or a gas plant or a gas system, including a natural or bottled gas plant, gas distribution system or gas pipelines, owned by such city.

Supplemental to any existing law on the subject, whenever the mayor and council of any city of the first class shall deem it necessary and advisable to construct sanitary sewer mains or water mains, such municipal officials may by ordinance passed by not less than three-fourths of all members of the city council create a district or districts to be known as sanitary sewer connection districts or water connection districts as the case may be, for such purposes and such district or districts may include properties within the corporate limits of the municipality and one mile beyond the same. Such ordinance shall state the size and kind of sewer mains or water mains proposed to be constructed in such district and shall designate the outer boundaries of the district or districts in which it is proposed to construct the sewer mains or water mains.

After the sanitary sewer mains or water mains have been constructed in the districts, the cost thereof shall be reported to the city council and the council, sitting as a board of equalization, shall determine benefits to abutting property. The special benefits as determined by the board of equalization shall not be levied as special assessments against the property within the district but shall be certified in a resolution of the city council to the register of deeds of the county in which the improvement district is constructed. A connection fee in the amount of the benefit accruing to the property in the district shall be paid to the city at the time such property becomes connected to the sewer main or water main. The city shall provide that no property thus benefited by sanitary sewer or water main improvements shall be connected to the sanitary sewer or water mains until the connection fee is paid.

For the purpose of paying the cost of any such sanitary sewer mains or water mains constructed in any such connection district, the mayor and council may spend funds accumulated in any sanitary sewer or water department surplus funds of such city. The connection fees collected by any such city for properties connecting to such sanitary sewer mains or water mains shall be paid into the sanitary sewer or water department surplus fund to replenish such funds for the construction costs.

As an alternative to spending surplus funds as provided in section 16-6,104, or to pay for part of any such construction, the mayor and council may issue revenue bonds. Such revenue bonds shall not impose any general liability upon the municipality but shall be secured by the revenue received by the municipality for the operation of the sanitary sewer system or waterworks system, and the amount of connection fees collected by the municipality for connections to such sanitary sewer mains or water mains. Such revenue bonds shall be sold for not less than par and bear interest at a rate not to exceed the rate of interest specified in section 45-104.01, as such rate may from time to time be adjusted by the Legislature. The amount of such revenue bonds, either issued or outstanding, shall not be included in computing the maximum amount of bonds which the municipality may be authorized to issue under its charter or any statute of this state.

Cities of the first class are hereby authorized and empowered to develop and implement and from time to time amend, change, and modify a general plan or program of flood and storm water control, drainage, and disposal for such city. If the plan or program requires works of improvement outside of the city limits, it shall be submitted for review to the boards of the county or counties affected and to the Department of Natural Resources. To accomplish such purposes, or any of them, the city may to the extent deemed needful or useful in the judgment of the city council:

(1) Procure and contract for professional and technical assistance of all kinds;

(2) Build, construct, alter, modify, and improve, using either its own employees, equipment, and facilities or by contract with others, dams, dikes, levees, drainways, channels, structures, devices, storm water sewers and systems, and works of all kinds and appurtenances thereto all without any limitation whatsoever, including extensions, additions, and improvements and alterations of any such existing facilities, for the control, management, drainage, and disposal of flood, storm, or surface waters, both within and without the city as in the discretion of the city council may be required for the protection, benefit, and welfare of the city and its inhabitants and their property; and

(3) Acquire by purchase, lease, gift, and contract and through the exercise of the right of eminent domain all lands, structures, easements, rights-of-way, or other property real or personal both within and without the city as may in the discretion of the city council be required or useful in connection with any such plan or program and the implementation thereof.

For carrying out the purposes and powers set forth in section 16-6,106, including payment of the cost thereof, the city may:

(1) Borrow money and issue its negotiable general obligation bonds upon such terms and conditions as the mayor and council may determine, without a vote of the electors;

(2) Levy a tax upon all taxable property in the city to pay such bonds and interest thereon and establish a sinking fund for such payment;

(3) Issue warrants to contractors and others furnishing services or materials or in satisfaction of other obligations created under section 16-6,106, such warrants to be issued in such amounts and on such terms and conditions as the mayor and council shall determine, which warrants shall be redeemed and paid upon the sale of bonds or receipt of other funds available for such purpose;

(4) Receive gifts, grants and funds from any source, including, but not limited to, state, federal or private sources; and

(5) Cooperate and contract with any other government, governmental agency or political subdivision, whether state or federal, and any person or organization providing funds for the purposes covered by sections 16-6,106 to 16-6,109.

The powers granted by sections 16-6,106 to 16-6,109 may be exercised in whole or in part and from time to time as the city council may in its discretion determine but before general obligation bonds are issued for the purposes of sections 16-6,106 to 16-6,109, the city council shall hold a public hearing after three weeks' notice published in a legal newspaper of general circulation in such city, and the referendum provisions of sections 18-2501 to 18-2536 shall apply to any ordinance or resolution authorizing issuance of such bonds. The program for implementation of the plan may be adopted and carried out in parts, sections, or stages.

The powers granted by sections 16-6,106 to 16-6,109 are independent of and in addition to all other grants of powers on the same or related subjects but may be exercised jointly with or supplemented by the powers granted by existing legislation, including, but not limited to, sections 16-667 to 16-672.11, 16-680, 16-683, 16-693, 18-401 to 18-411, 18-501 to 18-512, 19-1305, 23-320.07 to 23-320.13, and 31-501 to 31-553 and the Combined Improvement Act.

A city of the first class shall have the power by ordinance to acquire, by the exercise of the power of eminent domain or otherwise, lease, purchase, construct, own, maintain, and operate, or contract for the operation of public passenger transportation systems, excluding railroad systems, including all property and facilities required therefor, within and without the limits of the city, to redeem such property from prior encumbrance in order to protect or preserve the interest of the city therein, to exercise all powers granted by the Constitution and laws of the State of Nebraska or exercised by or pursuant to a home rule charter adopted pursuant thereto, including but not limited to receiving and accepting from the government of the United States or any agency thereof, from the State of Nebraska, or any subdivision thereof, and from any person or corporation, donations, devises, gifts, bequests, loans, or grants for or in aid of the acquisition, operation, and maintenance of such public passenger transportation systems, and to administer, hold, use, and apply the same for the purposes for which such donations, devises, gifts, bequests, loans, or grants may have been made, to negotiate with employees and enter into contracts of employment, to employ by contract or otherwise individuals singularly or collectively, to enter into agreements authorized under the Interlocal Cooperation Act or the Joint Public Agency Act, to contract with an operating and management company for the purpose of operating, servicing, and maintaining any public passenger transportation systems any such city shall acquire under the provisions of sections 16-6,110 and 75-303, and to exercise such other and further powers with respect thereto as may be necessary, incident, or appropriate to the powers of such city.

In 1995, the fiscal period of each city of the first class commences on August 1, 1995, and extends through September 30, 1996. Thereafter, the fiscal year of each city of the first class and of any public utility of a city of the first class commences on October 1 and extends through the following September 30 except as provided in the Municipal Proprietary Function Act.

(1) Subject to the limits in section 77-3442, the mayor and council shall have power to levy and collect taxes for all municipal purposes on the taxable property within the corporate limits of the city. All city taxes, except special assessments otherwise provided for, shall become due on the first day of December of each year.

(2) At the time provided for by law, the council shall cause to be certified to the county clerk the amount of tax to be levied for purposes of the adopted budget statement on the taxable property within the corporation for the year then ensuing, as shown by the assessment roll for such year, including all special assessments and taxes assessed as hereinbefore provided. The clerk shall place the same on the proper tax list to be collected in the manner provided by law for the collection of county taxes in the county where such city is situated.

(3) In all sales for delinquent taxes for municipal purposes, if there are other delinquent taxes due from the same person or lien on the same property, the sales shall be for all the delinquent taxes. Such sales and all sales made under and by virtue of this section or the provisions of law herein referred to shall be of the same validity and, in all respects, shall be deemed and treated as though such sale had been made for the delinquent county taxes exclusively.

(4) The maximum amount of tax which may be certified, assessed, and collected for purposes of the adopted budget statement shall not require a tax levy in excess of eighty-seven and five-tenths cents on each one hundred dollars upon the taxable value of the taxable property within such municipality. Any special assessments, special taxes, amounts assessed as taxes, and such sums as may be authorized by law to be levied for the payment of outstanding bonds and debts may be made by the council in addition to the levy of eighty-seven and five-tenths cents on each one hundred dollars upon the taxable value of the taxable property within such municipality. The council may certify a further amount of tax to be levied which shall not require a tax levy in excess of seven cents on each one hundred dollars upon the taxable value of the taxable property within such city for the purpose of establishing the sinking fund or sinking funds authorized by sections 19-1301 to 19-1304, and in addition thereto, when required by section 18-501, a further levy of ten and five-tenths cents on each one hundred dollars upon the taxable value of the taxable property within such city may be imposed.

(5) Nothing in this section shall be construed to authorize an increase in the amounts of levies for any specific municipal purpose or purposes elsewhere limited by law, whether limited in specific sums or by tax levies.

The city shall adopt a budget statement pursuant to the Nebraska Budget Act, to be termed "The Annual Appropriation Bill", in which corporate authorities may appropriate such sums of money as may be deemed necessary to defray all necessary expenses and liabilities of such corporations.

The mayor and council shall not have power to appropriate, issue, or draw any order or warrant on the treasurer for money, unless the same has been appropriated or ordered by ordinance or the claim for the payment of which such order or warrant is issued has been allowed according to sections 16-726 to 16-729, and a fund has been provided in the adopted budget statement out of which such claim is payable. Any transfer or diversion of the money or credits from any of the funds to another fund or to a purpose other and different from that for which proposed, except as provided in section 16-721, shall render any city council member voting therefor or any officer of the corporation participating therein guilty of a misdemeanor, and any person shall, upon conviction thereof, be fined twenty-five dollars for each offense, together with costs of prosecution. Should any judgment be obtained against the corporation, the mayor and finance committee, with the sanction of the city council, may borrow a sufficient amount to pay the same, for a period of time not to extend beyond the close of the next fiscal year, which sum and interest thereon shall, in like manner, be added to the amount authorized to be raised in the general tax levy of the next year and embraced therein.

The mayor and council shall meet as a board of equalization on the first Monday in June of each year and at such other times as they shall determine to be necessary, giving notice of any such sitting at least ten days prior thereto by publication in a newspaper having general circulation in the city. When so assembled they shall have power to equalize all special assessments, not herein otherwise provided for, and to supply any omissions in the same; and at such meeting the assessments shall be finally levied by them. A majority of all the members elected to the council shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of any business properly brought before them, but a less number may adjourn from time to time and compel the attendance of absent members. When sitting as a board of equalization on special taxes, the council may adopt such reasonable rules as to the manner of presenting complaints and applying for remedies and relief as shall seem just. It shall not invalidate or prejudice the proceedings of the board that a majority of the members thereof do not, after organization by a majority, continue present during the advertised hours of sitting, provided the city clerk or some member of the board shall be present to receive complaints and applications, and give information; Provided, no final action shall be taken by the board except by a majority of all the members elected to the city council comprising the same, and in open session. All the special taxes herein authorized shall be levied and assessed on all lots, parts of lots, lands, and real estate to the extent of the special benefit to such lots, parts of lots, lands and real estate, by reason of such improvement, such benefits to be determined by the council sitting as a board of equalization, or as otherwise herein provided, after publication and notice to property owners herein provided. In cases where the council sitting as a board of equalization shall find such benefits to be equal and uniform, such assessments may be according to the feet frontage and may be prorated and scaled back from the line of such improvement according to such rules as the board of equalization may consider fair and equitable; and all such assessments and findings of benefits shall not be subject to review in any equitable or legal action except for fraud, injustice or mistake.

Whenever any special tax or assessment upon any lot or lots, lands or parcels of land in a city of the first class is found to be invalid and uncollectible, or shall be adjudged to be void by a court of competent jurisdiction, or paid under protest and recovered by suit, because of any defect, irregularity or invalidity in any of the proceedings or on account of the failure to observe and comply with any of the conditions, prerequisites and requirements of any statute or ordinance, the mayor and council shall have the power to relevy the same upon the said lot or lots, lands or parcels of land in the same manner as other special taxes and assessments are levied, without regard to whether the formalities, prerequisites or conditions prior to equalization have been had or not.

Whenever a city of the first class lawfully reannexes territory which it had formerly annexed but which annexation was illegal because the statutes under which such original annexation was made were unconstitutional and void, (1) all special assessments levied by such city of the first class with respect to such territory shall be validated, binding and legal upon such city of the first class and the inhabitants of such territory in the same manner as if the original annexation had been lawful, (2) all zoning, special use permits and contracts for municipal services made or entered into with respect to such territory by such city of the first class shall be validated, binding and legal upon such city of the first class and the inhabitants of such territory in the same manner as if the original annexation had been lawful, (3) any prior actions by any officials of such city of the first class, including the election of council members from such territory or a part thereof shall be validated, binding and legal upon such city of the first class and the inhabitants of such territory in the same manner as if the original annexation had been lawful, and (4) such city of the first class shall have power to assess or reassess and levy or relevy new assessments equal to the special benefits and not exceeding the cost of improvements for which any assessment was originally made upon such territory to be made in substantially the manner provided for making original assessments of like nature and when so made, shall constitute a lien upon the property prior and superior to all other liens except liens for other special assessments, and taxes or special assessments so assessed or reassessed shall be enforced and collected as other special taxes, and in making such assessment or reassessment, the city council sitting as a board of equalization and assessment shall take into consideration payments, if any, made on behalf of the property reassessed under assessments made prior to the reannexation.

In cases of any omission, mistake, defect or irregularity in the preliminary proceedings on any special assessment in a city of the first class, the city council shall have power to correct such mistake, omission, defect or irregularity, and levy or relevy, as the case may be, a special assessment on any or all property in the district, in accordance with the special benefits received and damages sustained to the property on account of such improvement as found by the council sitting as a board of equalization. The city council shall deduct from the benefits and allow as a credit, before such relevy, an amount equal to the sum of the installments paid in the original levy.

All money arising from the levying of road tax against or upon property in said city shall belong to the city and shall be expended upon the streets and grades in such city; Provided, this section shall not apply and has not heretofore applied to the disposition of money collected by levy of county road tax; and provided further, that all money which was collected before March 11, 1935, by any county under township organization from the levy of county road tax against or upon the property in said city and which has not been paid to said city shall belong to the county, and no part thereof need be paid to said city; Provided further, that section 49-301 shall not apply to preserve to any city any right which said city may have had or claimed with respect to said money heretofore collected by any county under township organization from the levy of county road tax against or upon the property in said city and which has not been paid to said city; and provided further, that the provisions of this section shall be held and taken to apply to any case brought in any court in this state.

The city treasurer shall deposit, and at all times keep on deposit, for safekeeping, in banks, capital stock financial institutions, or qualifying mutual financial institutions of approved and responsible standing, all money collected, received, or held by him or her as city treasurer. Such deposits shall be subject to all regulations imposed by law or adopted by the city council for the receiving and holding thereof. The fact that a stockholder, director, or other officer of such bank, capital stock financial institution, or qualifying mutual financial institution shall also be serving as mayor, as a member of the city council, as a member of a board of public works, or as any other officer of such municipality shall not disqualify such bank, capital stock financial institution, or qualifying mutual financial institution from acting as a depository for such municipal funds. Section 77-2366 shall apply to deposits in capital stock financial institutions. Section 77-2365.01 shall apply to deposits in qualifying mutual financial institutions.

The city treasurer may, upon resolution of the mayor and council authorizing the same, purchase certificates of deposit from and make time deposits in banks, capital stock financial institutions, or qualifying mutual financial institutions selected as depositories of city funds under the provisions of sections 16-712, 16-714, and 16-715. The certificates of deposit purchased and time deposits made shall bear interest and shall be secured as set forth in sections 16-714 and 16-715, except that the penal sum of such bond or the sum of such security shall be reduced in the amount of the time deposit or certificate of deposit insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Section 77-2366 shall apply to deposits in capital stock financial institutions. Section 77-2365.01 shall apply to deposits in qualifying mutual financial institutions.

For the security of the fund so deposited, the city treasurer shall require each depository to give bond for the safekeeping and payment of such deposits and the accretions thereof, which bond shall run to the city and be approved by the mayor. Such bond shall be conditioned that such a depository shall, at the end of every quarter, render to the treasurer a statement in duplicate, showing the several daily balances, the amount of money of the city held by it during the quarter, the amount of the accretion thereto, and how credited. The bond shall also be conditioned that the depository shall generally do and perform whatever may be required by the provisions of sections 16-712 to 16-715 and faithfully discharge the trust reposed in such depository. Such bond shall be as nearly as practicable in the form provided in section 77-2304. No person in any way connected with any depository as an officer or stockholder shall be accepted as a surety on any bond given by the depository of which he or she is an officer or stockholder. Such bond shall be deposited with the city clerk. Section 77-2366 shall apply to deposits in capital stock financial institutions. Section 77-2365.01 shall apply to deposits in qualifying mutual financial institutions.

In lieu of the bond required by section 16-714, any bank, capital stock financial institution, or qualifying mutual financial institution making application to become a depository may give security as provided in the Public Funds Deposit Security Act to the city clerk. The penal sum of such bond shall be equal to or greater than the amount of the deposit in excess of that portion of such deposit insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Section 77-2366 shall apply to deposits in capital stock financial institutions. Section 77-2365.01 shall apply to deposits in qualifying mutual financial institutions.

The treasurer shall not have on deposit in any bank, capital stock financial institution, or qualifying mutual financial institution at any time more than the amount insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation plus the maximum amount of the bond given by the bank, capital stock financial institution, or qualifying mutual financial institution if the bank, capital stock financial institution, or qualifying mutual financial institution gives a surety bond, nor in any bank, capital stock financial institution, or qualifying mutual financial institution giving a personal bond, more than the amount insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation plus one-half of the amount of the bond of such bank, capital stock financial institution, or qualifying mutual financial institution, and the amount so on deposit any time with any such bank, capital stock financial institution, or qualifying mutual financial institution shall not in either case exceed the amount insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation plus the paid-up capital stock and surplus of such bank, capital stock financial institution, or qualifying mutual financial institution.

The city treasurer shall not be liable for any loss sustained by reason of the failure of any such bonded depository whose bond has been duly approved by the mayor as provided in section 16-714 or which has, in lieu of a surety bond, given security as provided in section 16-715.

The city treasurer shall receive all money belonging to the city, and the clerk and treasurer shall keep their books and accounts in such a manner as the mayor and council shall prescribe. The treasurer shall keep a daily cash book, which shall be footed and balanced daily; and such books and accounts shall always be subject to inspection of the mayor, members of the council, and such other persons as they may designate.

Upon allowance of a claim by the council the order for the payment thereof shall specify the particular fund out of which it is payable as specified in the adopted budget statement, and no order or warrant shall be drawn in excess of eighty-five percent of the current levy for the purpose for which it is drawn unless there shall be sufficient money in the treasury to the credit of the proper fund for its payment, and no claim shall be audited or allowed except an order or warrant for the payment thereof may legally be drawn. All warrants drawn upon the treasury must be signed by the mayor and countersigned by the clerk, and shall state the particular fund to which the same is chargeable, the person to whom payable, and for what particular object. No money shall be otherwise paid than upon such warrant so drawn. Such warrants may be delivered immediately when so drawn.

The treasurer shall keep all money in his hands belonging to the city separate and distinct from his own money; and he is hereby expressly prohibited from using, either directly or indirectly, the corporation money or warrants in his custody and keeping for his own use and benefit or that of any other person whomsoever. Any violation of this provision shall subject him to immediate removal from office by the city council, and it may declare such office vacant. The mayor shall appoint a successor, who shall be confirmed by the city council, to hold office for the remainder of the term.

The treasurer shall report to the mayor and council annually, and more often if required, at such times as may be prescribed by ordinance, giving a full and detailed account of the receipts and expenditures during the preceding fiscal year, and the state of the treasury. He shall also keep a register of all warrants redeemed and paid during the year, describing such warrants, their date, amount, number, time of payment, the fund from which paid, and the person to whom paid. All such warrants shall be examined by the finance committee at the time of making such annual report.

Each fund created by this chapter shall be strictly devoted to the purpose for which it was created and shall not be diverted therefrom; Provided, however, when the city council by a three-fourths vote of the members thereof, shall declare the expenditure of any fund for the purpose for which it was created to be unwise and impracticable or where the purpose thereof has been fully accomplished and the whole fund or an unexpired balance thereof remains, and no indebtedness has been incurred on account of such fund which has not been fully paid, such fund may be transferred to any other fund of the city by the affirmative vote of three-fourths of all the members of the council.

The mayor and council shall cause to be published semiannually a statement of the receipts of the city and an itemized account of the expenditures of the city.

All taxes levied for the purpose of raising money to pay the interest or to create a sinking fund for the payment of the principal of any funded or bonded debt of the city shall be payable in money only. Except as otherwise expressly provided, no money so obtained shall be used for any other purpose than the payment of the interest or debt for the payment of which it shall have been raised; Provided, such sinking fund may, under the direction of the mayor and council, be invested in any of the unmatured bonds issued by the city, provided they can be procured by the treasurer at such rate or premium as shall be prescribed by ordinance. Any due or overdue bond or coupon shall be a sufficient warrant or order for the payment of the same by the treasurer out of any fund especially created for that purpose without any further order or allowance by the mayor or council.

All liquidated and unliquidated claims and accounts payable against a city of the first class shall: (1) Be presented in writing; (2) state the name and address of the claimant and the amount of the claim; and (3) fully and accurately identify the items or services for which payment is claimed or the time, place, nature, and circumstances giving rise to the claim.

As a condition precedent to maintaining an action for a claim, other than a tort claim as defined in section 13-903, the claimant shall file such claim within ninety days of the accrual of the claim in the office of the city clerk.

The city clerk shall notify the claimant or his or her agent or attorney by letter mailed to the claimant's address within five days if the claim is disallowed by the city council.

No costs shall be recovered against such city in any action brought against it for any claim or for any claim allowed in part which has not been presented to the city council to be audited, unless the recovery is for a greater sum than the amount allowed with the interest due.

When the claim of any person against the city, except a tort claim as defined in section 13-903, is disallowed in whole or in part by the council, such person may appeal from the decision of the city council to the district court of the same county by causing a written notice to be served on the city clerk within twenty days after making such decision and executing a bond to such city, with good and sufficient sureties to be approved by the city clerk, conditioned for the faithful prosecution of such appeal and the payment of all costs that may be adjudged against the appellant.

Any taxpayer may likewise appeal from the allowance of any claim against the city, except a tort claim as defined in section 13-903, by serving a written notice upon the city clerk within ten days from said allowance and giving bond similar to that provided for in section 16-727; Provided, when the council, by ordinance, provides for the publication of the list of the claims allowed, giving the amounts allowed and the names of the persons to whom allowed, in a newspaper printed and published and of general circulation in such city, such appeal may be taken by a taxpayer by serving a notice thereof within such time after such publication as may be fixed by such ordinance, and giving bond for such appeal within ten days after such allowance.

The clerk, upon such appeal being taken and being paid the proper fees therefor, including fees for filing the same in the district court, shall make out a transcript of the proceedings of the council, mayor, and other officers as relate to the presentation and allowance or disallowance of such claim and shall file it with the clerk of the district court within thirty days after the decision allowing or disallowing the claim and paying the proper commencement fees. Such appeal shall be entered on the docket of the court, tried, and determined and costs awarded thereon in the manner provided in sections 25-1901 to 25-1937. No appeal bond shall be required of the city by any court in the case of an appeal by the city, and judgment shall be stayed pending such appeal.

Any city of the first class may request that bond fund money be included with payments distributed under subsection (3) of section 23-1601. Such bond fund money shall be included in the monthly payment until notified otherwise by the city.

State recognition is hereby given to the hazard created in the streets of cities of the first class of Nebraska by the great increase in the number of motor vehicles, buses, and trucks. In order to remove or reduce the hazards to life and property and the inconvenience of congested traffic on the streets in such cities in this state, it is hereby deemed necessary and of general benefit to the entire State of Nebraska to provide means for such cities in Nebraska to own offstreet vehicle parking facilities exclusively for the parking of motor vehicles.

Any city of the first class in Nebraska is hereby authorized to own, purchase, construct, equip, lease, or operate within such city offstreet motor vehicle parking facilities for the use of the general public. The grant of power herein does not include the power to engage, directly or indirectly, in the sale of gasoline, oil, or other merchandise or in the furnishing of any service other than that of parking motor vehicles as provided herein. Any such city shall have the authority to acquire by grant, contract, or purchase or through the condemnation of property, as provided by law for such acquisition, all real or personal property, including a site or sites on which to construct the facilities necessary or convenient in the carrying out of this grant of power. Before any such city may commence a program to construct, purchase, or acquire by other means a proposed offstreet parking facility or facilities, notice shall be given, by publication once each week for not less than three weeks, inviting application for private ownership and operation of offstreet parking facilities. If no application or applications have been received or, if received, the same have been disapproved by the governing body of such city within ninety days from the first date of publication, then such city may proceed in the exercise of the powers herein granted.

In order to pay the cost required by any purchase, construction, lease, or condemnation of property and equipping of such facilities, or the enlargement of presently owned facilities, or to pay a portion of the cost of such facilities purchased or constructed pursuant to sections 19-3301 to 19-3326, the city may issue revenue bonds to provide the funds for such improvements. Such revenue bonds shall not be payable from any general tax upon the issuing municipality, but shall be a lien only upon the revenue and earnings of the parking facilities. Such revenue bonds may be issued at an interest cost to maturity set by the city council and shall mature in not to exceed forty years but may be optional prior to maturity at a premium as provided in the authorizing resolution or ordinance. Any such revenue bonds which may be issued shall not be included in computing the maximum amount of bonds which the issuing city of the first class may be authorized to issue under its charter or any statute of this state. Such revenue bonds may be issued and sold or delivered to the contractor at par and accrued interest for the amount of work performed. If any city has installed or installs onstreet parking meters, it may pledge all or any part of the revenue of such parking meters, not previously pledged, as security for the bonds herein authorized.

Before the issuance of any revenue bonds the city of the first class shall have an independent and qualified firm of engineers prepare plans and specifications for such improvements. In the preparation of the plans and specifications, the independent engineer shall collaborate and counsel with any city engineering or traffic departments so as to coordinate the program with the program for the control of traffic within such respective city.

The governing body of any such city of the first class shall make all necessary rules and regulations governing the use, operation, and control thereof. In the exercise of the grant of power herein set forth, the city of the first class may make contracts with other departments of the city, or others, if such contracts are necessary and needed for the payment of the revenue bonds authorized herein and for the successful operation of the parking facilities. The governing board shall also establish and maintain equitable rates or charges for such services sufficient in amount to pay for the cost of operation, repair, and upkeep of the facilities to be purchased, acquired, or leased, and the principal of and interest on any revenue bonds issued pursuant to the provisions of sections 16-801 to 16-811. The governing body may also make any other agreements with the purchasers of the bonds for the security of the issuing city and the purchasers of such bonds not in contravention with the provisions of sections 16-801 to 16-811.

The mayor and council of a city of the first class may adopt by ordinance the proposition to make such purchase or to erect such facility or facilities as set forth in section 16-802, and before the purchase can be made or facility created, the council shall publish in a legal newspaper having a general circulation in the city the location of the proposed offstreet motor vehicle parking facility or facilities, the proposed cost, and the total amount of the bonds to be issued. If the electors of such city, equal in number to five percent of the electors of such city voting at the last preceding general municipal election, file a written objection or objections to the proposed issuance of revenue bonds within sixty days after the adoption of such ordinance, the governing body must submit the question to the electors of such city at a general municipal election or at an election duly called for that purpose and be approved by a majority of the electors voting on such question. If the question is submitted at a special election, the vote for the purchase or acquisition of such real estate or the purchase or erection of such facility or facilities shall equal at least a majority of the votes cast at the last preceding general election. Notice of the time and place of the election shall be given by publication in some legal newspaper printed and in general circulation in such city three successive weeks prior thereto.

On the creation of such motor vehicle parking facility for the use of the general public, the city may if it desires lease such facility to one or more operators to provide for the efficient operation of the facility. Such lease shall be let on a competitive basis and no lease shall run for a period in excess of ten years. In granting any lease, the city shall retain such control of the facility as may be necessary to insure that the facility will be properly operated in the public interest and that the prices charged are reasonable. The provisions of sections 16-801 to 16-811 shall not be construed to authorize the city or the lessee of the facility to engage in the sale of any commodity, product, or service, or to engage in any business other than the purposes set forth in section 16-802.

Property now used or hereafter acquired for offstreet motor vehicle parking by a private operator shall not be subject to condemnation.

The provisions of sections 16-801 to 16-811 and of any ordinance authorizing the issuance of bonds under the provisions of sections 16-801 to 16-811 shall constitute a contract with the holders of such bonds, and any holder of a bond or bonds or any of the coupons of any bond or bonds of such municipality, issued under the provisions of sections 16-801 to 16-811, may either in law or in equity, by suit, action, mandamus, or other proceedings, enforce and compel the performance of all duties required by the provisions of sections 16-801 to 16-811 or by the ordinance authorizing the bonds, including the making and collection of sufficient charges and fees for service and the use thereof, and the application of income and revenue thereof.

Any city of the first class is authorized to use any or all of the revenue from onstreet parking meters for the purpose set forth in section 16-802 if such revenue has not been pledged for the payment of revenue bonds authorized herein.

Sections 16-801 to 16-811 are supplementary to existing statutes relating to cities of the first class and confer upon such cities powers not heretofore granted.

Except as provided in section 13-327, any city of the first class may apply by ordinance any existing or future zoning regulations, property use regulations, building ordinances, electrical ordinances, plumbing ordinances, and ordinances authorized by section 16-240 to the unincorporated area two miles beyond and adjacent to its corporate boundaries with the same force and effect as if such outlying area were within the corporate limits of such city, except that no such ordinance shall be extended or applied so as to prohibit, prevent, or interfere with the conduct of existing farming, livestock operations, businesses, or industry. For purposes of sections 70-1001 to 70-1020, the zoning area of a city of the first class shall be one mile beyond and adjacent to the corporate area. The fact that such unincorporated area is located in a different county or counties than some or all portions of the municipality shall not be construed as affecting the powers of the city to apply such ordinances.

(1) Except as provided in section 13-327, a city of the first class may designate by ordinance the portion of the territory located within two miles of the corporate limits of the city and outside of any other organized city or village within which the designating city will exercise the powers and duties granted by sections 16-902 to 16-904 or section 19-2402.

(2) No owner of any real property located within the area designated by a city pursuant to subsection (1) of this section or section 13-327 may subdivide, plat, or lay out such real property in building lots, streets, or other portions of the same intended to be dedicated for public use or for the use of the purchasers or owners of lots fronting thereon or adjacent thereto without first having obtained the approval of the city council of such city or its agent designated pursuant to section 19-916 and, when applicable, having complied with sections 39-1311 to 39-1311.05. The fact that such real property is located in a different county or counties than some or all portions of the city shall not be construed as affecting the necessity of obtaining the approval of the city council of such city or its designated agent.

(3) In counties that (a) have adopted a comprehensive development plan which meets the requirements of section 23-114.02 and (b) are enforcing subdivision regulations, the county planning commission shall be provided with all available materials on any proposed subdivision plat, contemplating public streets or improvements, which is filed with a municipality in that county, when such proposed plat lies partially or totally within the extraterritorial subdivision jurisdiction being exercised by that municipality in such county. The commission shall be given four weeks to officially comment on the appropriateness of the design and improvements proposed in the plat. The review period for the commission shall run concurrently with subdivision review activities of the municipality after the commission receives all available material for a proposed subdivision plat.

No plat or instruments effecting the subdivision of real property, described in section 16-902, shall be recorded or have any force and effect unless the same be approved by the city council of such city or by its agent designated pursuant to section 19-916. The city council of such city shall have power, by ordinance, to provide the manner, plan, or method by which real property in any such area may be subdivided, platted, or laid out, including a plan or system for the avenues, streets, or alleys to be laid out within or across the same; and to prohibit the sale or offering for sale of, and the construction of buildings and other improvements on, any lots or parts of real property not subdivided, platted, or laid out as required in sections 16-902 to 16-904, 19-916, 19-918, and 19-920.

The city council, described in section 16-902, shall have power to compel the owner of any real property in such area in subdividing, platting, or laying out the same to conform to the requirements of the ordinance and to lay out and dedicate the avenues, streets, and alleys in accordance therewith.

An ordinance of any city of the first class designating its jurisdiction over territory outside of the corporate limits of the city under section 16-901 or 16-902 shall describe such territory by metes and bounds or by reference to an official map.

Sections 16-1001 to 16-1019 shall apply to all police officers of a city of the first class.

For purposes of sections 16-1001 to 16-1019, unless the context otherwise requires:

(1) Actuarial equivalent shall mean equality in value of the aggregate amount of benefit expected to be received under different forms of benefit or at different times determined as of a given date as adopted by the city or the retirement committee for use by the retirement system. Actuarial equivalencies shall be specified in the funding medium established for the retirement system, except that if benefits under the retirement system are obtained through the purchase of an annuity contract, the actuarial equivalent of any such form of benefit shall be the amount of pension benefit which can be purchased or otherwise provided by the police officer's retirement value. All actuarial and mortality assumptions adopted by the city or retirement committee shall be on a sex-neutral basis;

(2) Beneficiary shall mean the person or persons designated by a police officer, pursuant to a written instrument filed with the retirement committee before the police officer's death, to receive death benefits which may be payable under the retirement system;

(3) Funding agent shall mean any bank, trust company, life insurance company, thrift institution, credit union, or investment management firm selected by the city or retirement committee to hold or invest the funds of the retirement system;

(4) Regular interest shall mean the rate of interest earned each calendar year commencing January 1, 1984, equal to the rate of net earnings realized for the calendar year from investments of the retirement fund. Net earnings shall mean the amount by which income or gain realized from investments of the retirement fund exceeds the amount of any realized losses from such investments during the calendar year;

(5) Regular pay shall mean the average salary of a police officer for the five years preceding the date such police officer elects to retire, the five years preceding his or her death, or the five years preceding the date of disability, whichever is earliest, except that for any police officer who retires, dies, or becomes disabled after July 15, 1992, regular pay shall mean the average salary of the police officer for the period of five consecutive years preceding such retirement, death, or disability which produces the highest average;

(6) Salary shall mean all amounts paid to a participating police officer by the employing city for personal services as reported on the participant's federal income tax withholding statement, including the police officer's contributions picked up by the city as provided in subsection (2) of section 16-1005 and any salary reduction contributions which are excludable from income for federal income tax purposes pursuant to section 125 or 457 of the Internal Revenue Code;

(7) Retirement committee shall mean the retirement committee created pursuant to section 16-1014;

(8) Retirement system shall mean a retirement system established pursuant to sections 16-1001 to 16-1019;

(9) Retirement value shall mean the accumulated value of the police officer's employee account and employer account. The retirement value shall consist of the sum of the contributions made or transferred to such accounts by the police officer and by the city on the police officer's behalf and the regular interest credited to the accounts as of the date of computation, reduced by any realized losses which were not taken into account in determining regular interest in any year, and further adjusted each year to reflect the pro rata share for the accounts of the appreciation or depreciation of the fair market value of the assets of the retirement system as determined by the retirement committee. The retirement value shall be reduced by the amount of all distributions made to or on the behalf of the police officer from the retirement system. Such valuation shall be computed annually as of December 31. If separate investment accounts are established pursuant to subsection (3) of section 16-1004, a police officer's retirement value with respect to such accounts shall be equal to the value of his or her separate investment accounts as determined under such subsection;

(10) Annuity contract shall mean the contract or contracts issued by one or more life insurance companies and purchased by the retirement system in order to provide any of the benefits described in sections 16-1001 to 16-1019. Annuity conversion rates contained in any such contract shall be specified on a sex-neutral basis; and

(11) Straight life annuity shall mean an ordinary annuity payable for the life of the primary annuitant only and terminating at his or her death without refund or death benefit of any kind.

A police officer shall be credited with all years of his or her service after the year 1965 for the purpose of determining vested retirement benefits under sections 16-1001 to 16-1019.

(1) Commencing on January 1, 1984, each city of the first class shall keep and maintain a Police Officers Retirement System Fund for the purpose of investing payroll deductions and city contributions to the retirement system. The fund shall be maintained separate and apart from all city money and funds. The fund shall be administered under the direction of the city and the retirement committee exclusively for the purposes of the retirement system and for the benefit of participating police officers and their beneficiaries. The fund shall be established as a trust under the laws of this state for all purposes of section 401(a) of the Internal Revenue Code. Upon the passage of sections 16-1001 to 16-1019 all of the contributions made by a police officer prior to January 1, 1984, will be transferred to the police officer's employee account without interest unless the city, at the time of the transfer, credited interest on such contributions. Regular interest shall begin to accrue on the contributions transferred into the fund from January 1, 1984. Such funds shall be invested in the manner prescribed in section 16-1016.

(2) The city shall establish a medium for funding of the retirement system, which may be a pension trust fund, custodial account, group annuity contract, or combination thereof, for the purpose of investing money for the retirement system in the manner prescribed by section 16-1016 and to provide the retirement, death, and disability benefits for police officers pursuant to sections 16-1001 to 16-1019. The trustee or custodian of any trust fund may be a designated funding agent which is qualified to act as a fiduciary or custodian in this state, the city treasurer, a city officer authorized to administer funds of the city, or a combination thereof.

(3) Upon direction of the city, there may be established separate investment accounts for each participating police officer for the purpose of allowing each police officer to direct the investment of all or a portion of his or her employee account or employer account subject to the requirements of section 16-1016 and any other rules or limitations that may be established by the city or the retirement committee. If separate investment accounts are established, each account shall be separately invested and reinvested, separately credited with all earnings and gains with respect to the investment of the assets of the investment account, and separately debited with the losses of the account. Each investment account shall be adjusted each year to reflect the appreciation or depreciation of the fair market value of the assets held in such account as determined by the retirement committee. The expenses incurred by the retirement system when a police officer directs the investment of all or a portion of his or her individual investment account shall be charged against the police officer's investment account and shall reduce the police officer's retirement value.

(1) Each police officer participating in the retirement system shall contribute to the retirement system a sum equal to six percent of his or her salary. Such payment shall be made by regular payroll deductions from his or her periodic salary and shall be credited to his or her employee account on a monthly basis. Each such account shall also be credited with regular interest.

(2) Each city of the first class with police officers participating in a retirement system established pursuant to sections 16-1001 to 16-1019 shall pick up the police officers' contributions required by subsection (1) of this section for all compensation paid on or after January 1, 1984, and the contributions so picked up shall be treated as employer contributions in determining federal tax treatment under the Internal Revenue Code, except that the city shall continue to withhold federal income taxes based upon these contributions until the Internal Revenue Service or the federal courts rule that, pursuant to section 414(h) of the Internal Revenue Code, these contributions shall not be included as gross income of the employee until such time as they are distributed from the retirement system. The city shall pay these employee contributions from the same source of funds which is used in paying earnings to the employee. The city shall pick up these contributions by a salary deduction either through a reduction in the cash salary of the employee or a combination of a reduction in salary and offset against a future salary increase. A police officer shall not be given an option to choose to receive the amount of the required contribution in lieu of having such contribution paid directly to the retirement system.

(3) Each police officer participating in the retirement system shall be entitled to make voluntary cash contributions to the retirement system in an amount not to exceed the contribution limitations established by the Internal Revenue Code. Voluntary contributions shall be credited to the police officer's employee account and shall thereafter be credited with regular interest. A police officer's voluntary contribution shall become a part of the Police Officers Retirement System Fund and shall be held, administered, invested, and distributed in the same manner as any other employee contribution to the retirement system.

Beginning January 1, 1984, each city of the first class with police officers participating in a retirement system shall contribute to the retirement system a sum equal to six percent of each such participating police officer's periodic salary. Such payment shall be contributed as provided in subsection (1) of section 16-1005 for employee contributions and shall be credited to his or her employer account on a monthly basis. Each such account shall also be credited with regular interest. The city shall also contribute to the employer account of any police officer employed by the city on January 1, 1984, an amount equal to the employee contributions of such police officer that were made to the city prior to January 1, 1984, without interest, with such contribution to be made at the time the police officer retires or terminates employment with the city. The city may contribute such amount before the police officer's retirement or termination of employment or credit interest on such contribution.

(1) At any time before the retirement date, the retiring police officer may elect to receive at his or her retirement date a pension benefit either in the form of a straight life annuity or any optional form of annuity benefit established by the retirement committee and provided under a purchased annuity contract. The optional annuity benefit shall be specified in the funding medium for the retirement system and shall include a straight life annuity with a guarantee of at least sixty monthly payments or an annuity payable for the life of the retiring police officer and, after the death of the retiree, monthly payments, as elected by the retiring police officer, of either one hundred percent, seventy-five percent, or fifty percent of the amount of annuity payable to the retiring police officer during his or her life, to the beneficiary selected by the retiring police officer at the time of the original application for an annuity. For any police officer whose retirement date is on or after January 1, 1997, the optional benefit forms for the retirement system shall include a single lump-sum payment of the police officer's retirement value. For police officers whose retirement date is prior to January 1, 1997, a single lump-sum payment shall be available only if the city has adopted such distribution option in the funding medium established for the retirement system. The retiring police officer may further elect to defer the date of the first annuity payment or lump-sum payment to the first day of any specified month prior to age seventy. If the retiring police officer elects to receive his or her pension benefit in the form of an annuity, the amount of annuity benefit shall be the amount paid by the annuity contract purchased or otherwise provided by his or her retirement value as of the date of the first payment. Any such annuity contract purchased by the retirement system may be distributed to the police officer and, upon such distribution, all obligations of the retirement system to pay retirement, death, or disability benefits to the police officer and his or her beneficiaries shall terminate, without exception.

(2) For all officers employed on January 1, 1984, and continuously employed by the city from such date through the date of their retirement, the amount of the pension benefit, when determined on the straight life annuity basis, shall not be less than the following amounts:

(a) If retirement occurs following age sixty and with twenty-five years of service with the city, or twenty-one years of service if hired prior to November 18, 1965, fifty percent of regular pay; or

(b) If retirement occurs following age fifty-five but before age sixty and with twenty-five years of service with the city, forty percent of regular pay.

A police officer entitled to a minimum pension benefit under this subsection may elect to receive such pension benefit in any form permitted by subsection (1) of this section, including a single lump-sum payment, if the officer retires on or after January 1, 1997, or if the city has adopted a lump-sum distribution option for officers retiring before January 1, 1997, in the funding medium for the retirement system. If the minimum pension benefit is paid in a form other than a straight life annuity, such benefit shall be the actuarial equivalent of the straight life annuity that would otherwise be paid to the officer pursuant to this subsection.

If the police officer chooses the single lump-sum payment option, the officer can request that the actuarial equivalent be equal to the average of the cost of three annuity contracts purchased on the open market. Of the three annuity contracts used for comparison, one shall be chosen by the police officer, one shall be chosen by the retirement committee, and one shall be chosen by the city.

(3) If the retirement value of an officer entitled to a minimum pension benefit under subsection (2) of this section is not sufficient at the time of the first payment to purchase or provide the required pension benefit, the city shall transfer such funds as may be necessary to the employer account of the police officer so that the retirement value of such officer is sufficient to purchase or provide for the required pension benefit.

(4) Any retiring police officer whose pension benefit is less than twenty-five dollars per month on the straight life annuity option shall be paid a lump-sum settlement equal to the retirement value and shall not be entitled to elect to receive annuity benefits.

(1) A police officer of a city of the first class may:

(a) Elect to retire and receive the applicable pension benefit provided in section 16-1007 based on his or her full retirement value upon the attainment of age sixty;

(b) Elect to take early retirement and receive the applicable pension benefit provided in section 16-1007 if he or she has attained the age of fifty-five and has completed twenty-five years of service with the city; or

(c) Retire as a result of disability while in the line of duty, as determined under section 16-1011, at any age, and receive the applicable pension benefit provided in section 16-1011.

(2) A police officer who is eligible to retire pursuant to subsection (1) of this section but does not, shall continue to contribute to his or her employee account, and the city shall continue to contribute to his or her employee account and to his or her employer account.

(3) The first of the month immediately following the last day of work shall be the retirement date.

(1) When prior to retirement any police officer participating in the retirement system dies other than in the line of duty and except as provided in subsection (2) of this section, the entire retirement value shall be payable to the beneficiary or beneficiaries specified by the deceased police of